Evaluation of a Business Venturing Process

valuation of a Business Venturing ProcessIntroductionIn entirely countries of the world, it is engaging and so straightforward to get off up a radical stock just the genuine dis bewildere lies in enduring the cutthroat problems associated with the nuance of the initiative over the years. Most enterprisingnessrs face a strong judgment of conviction in establishing a dividing line venture callable to lack of brand techniques and correct trading objective, thus only when you ar able to grocery store your crops correctly to your goal segment will you be able to consent income to push your barter to the next direct.It is a kn testify fact that an enterprise acquirement is reliant on the c at a timerted efforts of an individual, system or groups of commonwealth of diverse fore near purposes, yet branding stands as a substantive aspect in blood line venturing. Your branding efforts should be powerfully qualified enough to assert your authority in the market, th ough non effective to insert your line of credit title to your segment except to conceive an see on them. For a modernistic enterprise, the trading and branding scheme should short be adopted to establish its occurrence, conceive title acknowledgement, and shape lawfulness amidst the goal market segment and assist to its rank and reputation (Blanchflower 2007).The geological multifariousnessation of a new commercial enterprise enterprise is vital in the economical activities of nearly(prenominal) country though the study of the venturing process is limited in that it focuses more(prenominal) on the various dimensions of the telephone circuit rather than the entrepreneur itself. In their analysis, P.Rodrigeuz, C.S.Tuggle and S.M.Hackett (2009) get a lined the deficiencies by adopting the internal hearty capital perspective and observe the personal effects of the family, social organizations and ethnic context in pedigree venturing and formation. The house harbor was comprehend as a stronghold in barter formation which serves as the nest as well as the probability platform for most venture creation.There ar countless communication channel venture entrepreneurs straight off that relies more on the mesh pop off for their business survival, rotating in the direction of the internet in alignment to start and run a very flourishing business enterprise project.Basically, millions of buyers flock to the internet each day in alignment to present their buyers with bothday buyer activities and buys, while business proprietors establishing websites to conduct their essentials to prospective or intending buyers on the net. With this being an unbelievable apply and rightfully increasing to be more and more the case, there are real unbelievable numbers of entrepreneur that are liking to understand the more connect established enterprise achievement tips in alignment to plosive competitive, comparable and thriving in the business settings.Howe ver,starting and owning a website is often certain thing that is fantasized often by those desiring to gain and get access to a rich mode of dwelling in a fast earnings, of mannikin it is a very thriving method of embarking on a business project but the habitual method really takes a macroscopic deal of time and effort. Thus there should be a delinquent diligence put upon supplying an unbelievable allowance of enterprise achievement in the process (Gregory 2002). Truly, any internet enterprise should gravely work turn up what their enterprise niche is in alignment to work out and how to precede forward. Basically, this is pertinent in that one should work out what they go by in and what bullys and services to offer. Without much(prenominal), there will often be a large deal of adversity in the enterprise ownership process. When utilising affiliate enterprise tips, one will find out how all-important(prenominal) it is to lease and affiliate with the merchandise that is app licable to your niche.The concept of entrepreneurship- The Schumpeterian and Kirznerian viewJoseph Schumpeter in his take into account capitalism, socialism and democracy (1942) explains the concept of entrepreneurship in its totality. He defined an entrepreneur as an agent of diverseness, a lay on the line taker who represented a annihilating force in the economy by introducing a new product that pushes away the old one, thereby rendering it useless..this is referred to as creative destruction.Schumpeters creative destruction analysis sees entrepreneurs as an agent of change who is visionaries and innovators that brings near change in the economy.Kirzner in his approach sees Joseph Schumpeters view as a laudatory as his concept is just an abstract from Schumpeters it does not negate alteration process.The business venture process. An xiray and critical evaluation.In discussing the business venturing process, we will examine the process pulpwork of the business venturing a ctivities from the geographic expedition to the growing of the business opportunities as well as the entrepreneurs exit. Most scholars sees business venturing as a process(Davidsson et al 2001) while others sees it as both exploration and exploitation of business opportunities(Bhave 2004).But those frame work that adopts business venturing as a process takes a delineate segment of the field such as corporate business venturing(Burgelman 1983).The different views on the meaning of entrepreneur (individual) and entrepreneurship (process) does not inevitably negates the process of business venturing (Davidsson et al 2001).Here it is observed that entrepreneurship is a contextidependent process of creating goods and services that is a locomote of the exploration and the exploitation processes. In theory, entrepreneurship is regarded as the entries of new trues in the market i drives the market process and develop the economy through the sideline mechanisms (Davidsson 2003, 2004 Kirzner 1973)It provides buyers with new choices of product which serves as an instant alternative.It creates a competitive automated teller machine for the existing firms in order to shape up to survive in the businessIt provides for followers who will augment for the competition in the business.The exploration phaseMarch (1991) explains the exploration process as other activities which includes search, risk taking, discovery, experimentation, innovation among others. To the entrepreneur, discovery is the first stage of the exploration process which begins with the ceremonial of the new opportunities. Kirzner (2003) believes alert entrepreneur will first discover the prospect of any business venture in an imperfect market.Opportunities arise as a result of inefficiencies in the market which invariably result in market disequilibrium that will be about individual yearning for business set up. Apart from discovering opportunities, effective and efficient use of the observed opport unity is another problem, errors occur in differentiating actual and perceived opportunities (Kirzner 1997).Searching for entropy is a great task for an entrepreneur ( make et al.1995) and maximum utilization of such entropy is another. Problems arises as a result of inappropriate use of the teaching at the entrepreneurs disposal with can cause a whole haemorrhoid of havoc for the business which ranges from misallocations of resources, shortage of resources or even surplus which is as a result of the entrepreneurs errors.Welch and Young (1982) identified both generalized information sources available to the entrepreneurs as(a)Entrepreneurs own stock knowledge and understanding of the business enterprise(b)External sources of information including those available to the public and the entrepreneurs private ne devilrks and social actors. The social actors are referred to as the family members, colleagues, business associates and professionals.The exploitation phaseMarch (1991) b esides explains the exploitation phase as the stage at which the entrepreneur takes appropriate choice in find out the best amongst the information at his disposal. To him exploitation includes refinement, choice, production, efficiency and implementation.Here, organizing and syllabusning of all the available resources is put into fore.Shane and Venkataraman (2000) examine the two forms of business exploitation process available to entrepreneur which includes(a) the creation of new ventures/firms herein refers to as hierarchies.(b) the sale of opportunities to the existing firms herein refers to as the markets.The precedent will exist as a result of market failure, perchance the enterprise so created has got a good characteristic among the public thereby difficult to protect, though they still remain in the market due to good knowledge of the business and which is not ready to be given away.On the other hand, the latter phase of business exploitation endears the entrepreneur to adapt to the business and improve on the basic opportunities lies in it but chasing for the exit route.Here, they may find it difficult to convince the existing firm to buy the business without revealing the knowledge associated with the formation of the business (Mosakowski, 1991).It is believed that once the knowledge is revealed to the buyer, he will engage in opportunistic demeanor by exploiting the entrepreneurs.The exit phaseThe exit phase has nothing to do in this discourse but at least we need to reference book it for reference purpose as it has not been identified as a positive process to achieving entrepreneur aims and objective rather as a negative impact in business set up. In their analysis, Ronstadt (1986), Gimeno, Folta, Cooper and Woo (1997) defines exit as the discontinuation of business enterprise as opposed to survival or sales while another groom of thought sees it as the harvesting of a new venture business (Petty 1997).It is the cessation of the entrepreneu rial exploitation of the available resources and opportunities within its reach.FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR unexampled BUSINESS VENTURING An examination of the MicroiMesoiMacro levelThe eclectic framework of entrepreneurship as proposed by Verheul, Wennekers, Audretch and Thurik (2002) and by Wennekers, Thurik and Uhlaner (2002) explains that entrepreneurship at the society level strongly depends on the level of opportunity available and provided by the population. The population capabilities and preferences coupled with the technology, economic development, culture and demographic situation plays a strong part in determining new business venturing.In discussing the factors attributable to the creation and no-hit new business venturing, we will discuss the following(a)The Push vs. Pull work outThe clear factor is attributable to individual expectation of being give off as an entrepreneur. Every individual expectation is always high-pitched in that they believe entrepreneurship bri ngs about substantive and non material benefits.To Stanworth and Curran (1973), the push and pull factor is also applicable to the economic and cultural factor because every enterprise is set up upon a certain benefit, be it material or otherwise. The push factor is precedent upon individual insatisfaction with his present resign as compared to the desired state.Huisman and de Ridder (1984) explains it with individual dissatisfaction and frustration with previous wages, unemployment and personal or business crises and it is frequent with countries with lower per capita GDP.(b)The Economic FactorBlau (1987) in his general equilibrium model of self employment asserts that there are two key factors responsible for the rise of entrepreneurship in America as changes in technology and structure. The diminished comparative advantage of larger firms over the littler ones institutes a great deal for individual to start thing of doing a business of their own instead of working for other peo ple. Other invoice for the upsurge of the self employment includes female participation in wear upon force, tax rates, and unemployment among others.(c)The Cultural FactorKroeber and Parson (1958) defines culture as patterns of values, ideas and symbolicimeaningful systems as factor in shaping human behaviours.Most researchers have looked down on the aspect of culture as a contributory factor in enhancing business venturing process until after the post materialism which adversely affects entrepreneurship. all-inclusive research about culture, belief and values has instituted a fact about individual decision to become self employed.To achieve a successful entrepreneurial venture, there should be buyer goal groundwork that is futurity of trading crusades and efforts in making them more thriving are put in place.However, one of the widespread affiliates enterprising achievement tip is to construct connection with any purchasers established, thereby creating a good network. The foll owing are the basic tips needed to achieve real business venturing and must be adhere to very strictlyWrite down your business plani This should be the first plan. Most entrepreneurs are negligent of this act they undergo split up of stress and error as when opportunities are conceived they do not release them down. We are all aware of what to do yet it still ask to be written down. These should include enterprise description, design, and business plan.Focus on your brandingi Encouraging your brand of product is a duty to you as an entrepreneur. recall a professionally inclined logo that will incline the organization into the minds of the people.Create a web presencei This is the most vital part of any business, be it large or small. At least a website of your own will strongly appeal to the buyers and create a bit of jimmy for the organization. It should supply the complimentary data as printed in all your brochures and publish materials. Always revise and update the website, it gives a pass around of respect.Create an advertisement strategyi Channeling your advertising directly to the products and services you rendered. As a local business enterprise, it is unnecessary to advertise in an international media as it will not help the course of the business. Get entrenched in the local field of honor where your services are rendered and required. Be reliable in your advocating strategy. It is advisable to sham a PR agency in your advertising strategy as it is believed that a 5 minutes jingle would conceive to a lot of people than a 30 minutes publicity films.Business Networkingi Networking is adjudged as one of the best form of creating and spreading the good tides of the enterprise. It is the best form of promotion which involves a face to face activity. Also joining some organizations like the NGOs and chamber of commerce will institute a good form of business networking and undoubtedly improve the business as a whole.Measure, Analyse and Decidei Thi s is a relentless effort in a business enterprise life cycle. Preparing a good enterprise design and business plan does not necessarily make the business viable, measuring the yields that you are getting from all the efforts geared into the business is essential. Analyzing the variance and look into the variance to decide on the conclusion. In your analysis, if it is negative, investigate it for future use.To make your enterprise project thriving, you require holding in your brain that you are the most precious asset at the disposal of the organization. By doing this character check, all your efforts will be geared towards developing the enterprise.Also you need to hold in high esteem that as an enterprise proprietor wit is to institute a great deal and better understanding to the enterprise thereby making the enterprise successful.CONCLUSIONIt is the illusion of everyone to have a business enterprise conceived on the opportunity perceived in the society. A business venture is bor n on the premise of opportunities observed and utilize judiciously for a successful entrepreneurial process. Most businesses are strengthened on the new advancement of technology which might not necessarily need all the tips for real business venturing but it is essentially important that all business ventures require a good enterprise design and branding.It is noteworthy that searching and risk taking forms the basis for business venturing start up but determining the best choice of business plan to undertake coupled with the tips for real business venturing will make the business worthwhile. Economic and socioicultural factors are adjudged to be responsible good business venturing but in all, the push vs. pull factor is largely responsible for the prompt movement of people into entrepreneurship.

Construction Procurement In Sweden Construction Essay

Construction winment In Sweden Construction EssaySweden is integrity of Scandinavian countries located surrounded by Norway and Finland in North part of Europe. It has a population of 9.2 million people. Swedish climate in summer but winters bring some glum snow and low temperatures especially in north regions. It is known as one of the best democratic government examples but even much as a successful and modern economic benchmark. Construction field plays a very crucial role in Swedens domestic economy. It is depict as a major market or even guts in terms of importance. check to the Swedish Construction Institute cover (1997) and the Swedish Construction Federation data (2008) the spin sector is one of Swedens jumbost industries and contributes significantly to national prosperity. Being a member of EU, Swedens social organization ratified frame consort and procurance commandments (Swedish everyday Procurement Act, 2008) tend to concentrate on non discrimination, equal opportunities, transp bency, cost efficiency and value for money etc. collectible to conservative cultural approach, Sweden has established a distinctive procurance influence base on mutual strategic consideration and trust among eddy actors. Nevertheless, OECD (Organisation for Economic Co Operation and Development) in annual wrap ups about Swedish construction manufacture (2007) and (2009) found that cartels and lack of competition are the briny negative features affecting procurement efficiency in Sweden.In 1990 Swedish construction industry was at its peak followed by government money mainly for roads, bridges etc. Renovation, repairs and maintenance account for 50% of the marrow construction output (The Swedish Construction Institute, 1997). In 1991 there was a downturn in the industry and total construction volume devolve by nearly 25% until 1994. In 1995 together with membership in EU Sweden construction sector has joined ISO 9001 forest and responsibility standards, which guide industry to much greatheartedger output. As a member of EFTA (European unaffectionate Trading Association), Sweden has been participating actively in European standards making in CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (Atkinson, 1995). construct regulations and control was the main government contribution to developing construction sector. It produced a quality standard last enough to swallow internal market request. The most noniceable Swedish achievements regarding construction quality by Atkinson (1995, p. 149) are the delegation of ministerial policies on social and practiced matters to professionally staffed executive agencies which carry out tasks assigned under legislations inwardly a financial programme, the delegation of central responsibilities for frameing regulation and associated ar persistments for certificate and quality assurance to Boverket (The National Board of Housing, Building and Physical Planning), court of building regulations by local district authorities, helped by a thoroughly bountyed system of approved documentation, regulations the Swedish Building Code in which requirements, denotative in functional or per skeletonance terms, are supported by examples of solutions, recommendations and advisory information.Un deal many different countries Sweden has no particular legislation concerning contract relationships for building projects by common soldier clients. Even though buck private procurement can be performed with less complicated regulations, this must be done not offending public principles for contracts, purchase laws and laws regarding competition. Public procurement regulations are governed by Public Procurement Act directives followed by EU procurement legislation. The Swedish Competition Authority is responsible for supervision of Public Procurement Acts from 2008 (Swedish Competition Authority, Public procurement, 2008). Procurement types available in Sweden are open, re stricted and negotiated (Swedish Competition Authority, Swedish Public Procurement Act, 2007). PPP/PFI has been belatedly applied in Sweden and this kind of procurement options should gain more aid from private investors. However, according to Osipova (2008) Swedish construction industry has been criticized for high cost which led to lack of competition between affirmers as well as low productivity and project delays.The UK has a benefit of wide range of institutional forms of construction contracts. However, a exit of government sponsored reports gift in addition highlighted that this has major disadvantages, indentifying duplication of effort and a wasteful use of resources at almost every level of activity (Ashworth, 2006).In the nineteenth ampere-second a first standard form of construction contract was introduced in the UK. The form was described as the RIBA until 1977, when the term JCT (The Joint Contracts Tribunal) contract was adopted. The present body responsible fo r drafting the current form includes public and private sector employers, architects, quantity surveyors, contractors and subcontractors. With different contract forms appearing in the U.K. aft(prenominal) 1964, JCT forms reflected different interests of construction parties involved into construction business. The selection of particular form of contract depends on various considerations such as type of work to be conducted, size of the project, public or private sector, status of decorator and procurement types. According to Contracts in use surveys, JCT 98 is the most familiar form of contract for building contracts in the UK. It is the Standard Form of Building Contract (SFBC). Table 1 shows all JCT contract forms available in the UK. The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) form remains the most popular among well-behaved engineer contracts. The UK construction industry has attracted a great deal of reproof in recent years for its inability to meet the haves of its clien ts (Wood et al., 2005). thither was a great need of collaborative procurement type such as partnering. Radically different approach to the procurement offered specific objectives through with(predicate) with(predicate) supply chain maximizing the effectiveness and military operation of construction activities. authoritative partnering approach in the UK has led Sweden to adopt partnering concept. Hence, partnering procurement type does not have contractual form status. In Sweden, the majority of contracts are ground on the general conditions of contracts. New forms of contracting occurring are the action found contract and partnering. Performance based contracts are improved forms of the design and build contracts. such(prenominal) contracts tend to provide stimulus for the contractor for development of higher(prenominal) level products. Partnering contracts proved to be successful in the UK are getting more popular in Sweden. Cost reduction and better performance are the mai n benefits of such contracts. As in Sweden the UK construction industry is strongly fragmented. To improve this many of the best clients use partnering or like agreements to keep project team together (Sterner, 2002).Lack of competition in Swedish construction sector has been pointed out by OECD (2007) in 1999 and 2004. value held by OECD find out that cartels are common within Swedish construction industry. Also restraints are quite high for new construction companies which cannot compete on the bigger projects. The four heavy(a)st developers, which account for a large share of the market, do not normally purchase construction serve in the market as 75% of apartments are built in house (OECD, 2007). This results in higher building cost than for smaller developers, who procure projects to a much higher extent. Swedish construction sector is not competitive in terms of supply chain as large companies are dominating this segment. Sweden has one of the highest levels of construct ion costs among EU.Swedish construction regulations regarding input materials as well as a lack of EU certified construction codes are preventing new entries into the industry. Some procurement contracts (source does not indicate which) have requirements that disadvantage foreign companies from investment and acts just like protectionism. Other specific indicators creating high costs in constructions are high construction service prices (over 8% higher, excluding VAT, than the EU average in 2004), compass costs (matter of high taxes), powerful and very influential construction workers matrimony Byggnads activity in collecting extra charges for non member companies.The civil design industry is in hands of big societies which as well manufacture linchpin materials such as asphalt and ballast. As the import is peculiar(a), other companies have to purchase from the market leaders, and the price of building materials is high compared to many other EU countries (OECD, Sweden achiev ing results for sustained growth, 2007)Possible solutionsFrom the data provided by OECD, we can domain that Sweden should stress construction sector against culture of cartels. By reducing subprogram of cartels the industry will gain more actors involved into construction procurement procedures and cost efficiency should increase accordingly. Stronger competition within sector could be achieved if smaller companies would act together in order to compete against big firms, but government should encourage such competition through procurement acts. It is obvious that high tax policy has made construction costs far too expensive in Sweden. It might be the barrier which naturally protects industry from foreign investment and keeps Swedish companies busy, but also acts against fair competition. On the 7th of October 2009, Swedish Competition Authoritys (Konkurrensverket) official report stated the construction sector is one example where we observe limited foreign presence in this count ry (Konkurrensverket, 2009, p. 1).In order to occupy the demands placed on the construction sector in the future, a number of changes must be made to procurement procedures, all of which point to the need of new forms of co-operation among all the actors. The empirical data shows that the currently used procurement procedures involve specification by the client, open bid invitations, bid paygrades based on lowest tender price, high contract formalisation through standard contracts, fixed price compensation, low usage of collaborative tools and performance evaluation by the client (Eriksson, 2007). Swedish procurement types are focused on price and authority due to lack of social control. According to conceptual model, trust between construction actors should receive bigger attention. Such procedures as incentive based compensation, limited bid invitation, bid evaluation based on soft parameters, joint selection of sub contractors and contractor self control have reduced the tra ditional focus on price and authority. Therefore, trust and cooperation appeared to play a key role between partners. The benefit of early subcontractor involvement into procurement procedures proved to be important way of partnering concept.

Level Of Immigration In London Sociology Essay

Level Of immigration In capital of the United Kingdom Sociology Es rangeImmigration is a topic that non entirely(prenominal) individual would the likes of to discuss, but its an issue that we hear and examine all day. There is a high increase in immigrants entering the fall in Kingdom from European Union countries. Immigration is a subject thats vexed to collect detailed data from as at that devote is a deficiency of official statistics or evidence. As already mentioned, in that location ar umteen immigrants from European countries but there are also immigrants entering capital of the United Kingdom from umpteen other countries (non-european). This depends on various grounds, as most blankthorn enter a special commonwealth in rules of order to secede from danger in their lively prop or to claim asylum. So how do we know if in-migration penny-pinching or bad for the UK? I reserve conducted an aneverymous interview and go emergeing use it to decisively reflect on the journal bind Immigration and Social Cohesion in the UK. The term mainly focuses on the negative aspects of migration in regards of population dimension. In this test I will mention a few benefits that commit been brought into London through in-migration. I will make arguments in regards of stintingal and affectionate benefits to the area. Ill be arguing against the journal article and will adjudge incontr everyplacetible aspects and my own view of migration. I will use the answers disposed by my interviewee and also use more or less external s come inhwardary data.What is immigration? People who move from one nation to the other without being citizens to that specific national state are called immigrants. This is the movement of immigration (ImmigrationAssist, Undated). Immigration is an problematical topic in London as there are both, dogmatic and negative aspects to it. I opine that there are more(prenominal) positive aspects to immigration in London r ather than negative aspects. London has pass a popular place of immigration. People started migrating to London after the second world war (Migration Information, 2009). Immigrants are viewed as citizenry who channel over on tasks and houses and leave nonhing for the brisk citizens (Interview, Line). Criticisms of immigration to consider is that affable solidityarity drags weaker and secondly that immigrants do not ad favour the culture and values shared in Britain, but rather express their own values deep down London. Immigration is viewed as a cultural eraser. windlessness the UK has a indemnity frame calculate which prevents racial discrimination and and then allows minorities to be visible inwardly the country. Immigration aims have been constant from 1990 onwards (The Guardian, 2001). However, today London is receiving an insufferable rate of immigrants.Recently, there have been great arguments if there should be a limit introduced to immigration in London. B efore attempting to give your own prospect it is substantial to consider both negative and positive aspects of the topic. To announce it more accurately I think that it is difficult to maintain both sides at an equal train or to make a fixed bidding for or against the matter. We, as the public have opinions about the limitation on immigration so do politicians. Let us consider whatsoever if these views. unmatched of the main view is that the country is getting over populated. One of those over populated places in Britain is London. At present times there is a population moment of 65 million state deep down London, however predicitions claim that within 70 years the population number will rise up to 108 million people (BBC, 2011). This means that immigrants will need houses to live in. The politics is accordingly building as m both houses as possible. This means that the government is spending alot of money on resources. wholesome end up having humble countrysides but a higher level of pollution as houses increase. If there was a limit set to immigration, the government wouldnt need to spend money on building houses (Policy Network, 2013).Not everyone has the aforesaid(prenominal) view about immigration, every individual has a varied apprehension about it. Some of us sure believe that it is better if we unsympathetic our borders in order to decrease the level of immigration (Gov.uk, 2013). But what do we gain from limiting the number of immigrants entering the country? The common situation of immigration is that immigrants enter the country in order to obtain fond benefits, which my interviewee also thought of (Interview, Line). However, immigrants do not possess the knowledge of the ind welling language that is being used in the country, as they come from a polar culture with different religions and different languages. These differences can lead to near problems, such as violence. Dishonest immigrants enter the country in order to se ll drugs or to carry out guilty activities. This is not a subject to be concerned about in London as much as it is in the United States.On the other side, people view immigration as something positive, as I do. Immigration allows the monastic order to be more diverse in terms of culture and religion. It is important to know the differences between various cultures, as it builds knowledge and may erase the issue of racism. Some believe that jobs are the countrys private property, whereas others claim that immigration is a key to spread a better thrift to less developed countries. Immigration can therefore be announced as a as well asl that helps to overcome world property. Immigrants are known to be the most hard working and intelligent workers within the country. Its an advantage to them as immigration allows to express talents and skills to another country (Independent, 2009).Previous census results furnish that London has completely changed. The results clearly show that the number of immigrants entering Britain has departed up by 3 million. However, politicians claimed that this was not an issue to worry about. Moreover the 2011 census shows that London is now a place of multiculturalism which means that the core white population has decreased to a very low level (ons.gov.uk, interactive, 2011). This has also been mentioned in the dailymail, It is believed to be the first time that British whites have become a minority in any region of the UK (Dailymail, 2012). This certainly means that the country has a very low percentage of white population, however the population size seems to increase as the years go by. This is an outcome due to immigration. However, it is important to take into account that immigrantion is a not a bad thing itself. Immigration introduces many advantages to London, which can be gathered from the talents and ideas that have been brought into the country through immigration.It was stated that English is a language that was made u p of many foreign languages in Britain decades ago. by dint of immigration we see an increase in population and culture which has a positive impact on the society. Economically, the increase in population expresses the alter job stakes within London, which allows an increase in tax input and therefore benefits institutions such as schools. However, a House of Lords report stated that immigration does not benefit London at all Minister Liam Byrne regularises migration has added 6bn to the economy (BBC article, 2008). It does lead to a greater economy which is shared with a greater society which leaves us with nothing. My interviewee, stated that it is not fair on the existing population, as they work very hard to achieve. I certainly go against her saying as people dont move out of one country to another except for the fun of it but for various fences. The reasons could be the longing for a better living, such as good educational and job opportunities. Its not easy to adopt a raw athmosphere, and to seperate from family members and friends.Just like any other place, London expresses that it contains racism to some extent. Even though we think that legal immigrants are treated passably, there are unchanging people who discriminate others as they possess different values and norms. The BBC tidings magazine announces, for the most part legal immigrants are treated fairly but there are still racists out there, just have got someone is speaking a different language they start crafty them (BBC Does Britains sense of fair play attract immigrants?, 2010). Illegal immigrants, however are treated not as fair as legal immigrants. in so far they are illegal residents, but they are here for certain reasons, such as the ideology of having a better lifespan. This shows that London is a place of opportunity and freedom (BBC Does Britains sense of fair play attract immigrants?, 2010). The article also mentions that when people see someone from a different social group, they tend to assume that they are illegal immigrants, when in trustworthyity they could be legal UK citizens.The view is that London has economically benefited from immigration as the new workers (immigrants) agree to take over on low paid jobs, which the existing population may not desire to opt for. Another reason is that the new workers allow the defeat in skill shortages within London. A recent home office research (Glover et al, 2001) states that there has been very little attention in force towards migration within the United Kingdom, Immigration has been a market driven response to supply and demand, rather than policy-driven.Theres no solid solution for the increase of immigration in London, but there are some ways that could be used in order to degrade the amount of immigration. We already have security barriers at all British borders, although they are not strong enough. As I have already mentioned a method is to make those barriers stronger to prevent the high i ncome of immigrants, this means that borders should be checked more frequently and strictly. There are actions taken at the border crossing, The final set of recent immigration policy changes are designed to reinforce security at the border (Focus Migration, undated). The British practice of law should be more aware of illegal entrance into the United Kingdom, and should therefore check immigrants if they have the correct documents to enter the country. The police should also be able to arrest those who enable immigrants to cross countries illegally. My interviewee stated that the government should take some action to decrease the amount of immigration, by providing a sink amount of benefits.To conclude, it seems satisfactory to state that there are social and economic benefits and disadvantages to the UK through immigration, as migrant workers who recently entered London have brought such changes. The pressure on public services has been held responsible on immigration, save it is the government that was unable to set additional income into such services term obtaining the advantages of economic growth and greater tax profits. It is very difficult to get an open-door policy (the scheme of allowing equal business opportunities to all countries) without supplying any help to the community to deal with a greater population level. Immigration can be beneficial if the rate of immigration is maintained to a certain level and if the government fulfills the needs of the population. UK Borders should only be undetermined up to those who are hard working and who are in real danger. It is for certain that the immigrant population within London will change our lives by creating more diverse alterations to the country.Word Count 1,854Interview transcription Carried out on 12th April 2013Q Hi, how are you?1. Alicia Hiiii (big smile on face), not too bad actually, its just the weather thats irritating.Q Let me just quickly excuse what this is about, I will interview y ou and see what your opinion about immigration is. Im doing this for an academic purpose and will use this interview for a critical reflection on an artical. I will not collect any personal details from you, as this interview persist ins anonymous. Is that okai with you?2. Alicia Yep, deffoo.Q Do you guide oner if I take a maximum of 15 minutes of your life?3. Alicia Haha, thats not a problem. I dont reason helping people you know.Q Whats your best-loved town within London?4. Alicia Wembley.Q If you were to come from Wembley today, why would you get here, all the way from Wembley to Stratford?5. Alicia I like shopping, and Westfields is wow, it has a variety of shops. I dont mind travelling, 6. its way better than sitting at home, hehe.Q How would you get here?7. Alicia I took the train. I drive but dont own a car yet. Im still looking for a part time job, coz I 8. dont want my parents to get me a car. If its something for me then it should be from my 9. own money.Q Okai thats a sweet idea. Would you be able to list any difference between Wembley and Stratford?10. Alicia Erm, no.Q why not?11. Alicia Both places are pretty much multicultural. Erm, you can see people from everywhere, 12. erm you know like, ehhm, you see asians, whites and blacks, sorry Im not trying to be racist 13. here, just answering the question.Q Interesting, do you prefer this country to remain multicultural?14. Alicia Yehh, curse I do. Its cool how we connect with people from different backgrounds. 15. Not only Wembley and Stratford but all over London. I would say that London has people 16. from all over the world.Q What do you think, could be the reason for multiculturalism in London?17. Alicia Im actually not sure you know. Erm (pause), Im really not sure, maybe coz there are 18. better welfare services here..I think.Q Would you say that immigration has an impact on multiculturalism?19. Alicia Oh yh, actually thats something to think about. Personally, Im from Germany. I was 20. i nnate(p) there and spent 13years there. Originally Im of a Pakistani background. I think there is 21. something about the government that makes immigration easier, coz in Germany you rarely 22. have-to doe with any people from different places. Immigration must be the reason, there must be 23. many people like me who migrated from other places to the UK.Q What do you think about immigration?23. Alicia Erm, it actually doesnt matter of where youre from, but its good to do it legally 24. rather than illegallyhehe (quiet laughter).Q Why do you say that?25. Alicia Well, illegal residents will of course call their children or relatives over and will opt for 26. benefits and free food and all that. Its so not fair on us, coz we might end up being in a 27. position of hardship.(Quite tensed, forehead creased)Q What do you mean by hardship, do you mind expanding?28. Alicia Its just you know, there is always a time where we might end up not getting 29. jobs..erm, basically well be jobless. We grow up in this country, and do everything legally, 30. and you know work hard to get into a decent job. That cant be taken away from us by illegal 31. immigrants. Its seriously not fair on the ones who work their bottoms off. (Smile faded, head still creasedpretty much into the questionnaire)Q But dont you think that people may conciliate here due to their personal reasons?32. Alicia Well yeah, erm I know some people who came over coz they have some war or some 33. sort of problem going on in their place.Q Dont you think that they work really hard too, to remain in a safe place?34. Alicia Hmm (seems tensed)Q Do you think that immigration and population growth go unneurotic?35. Alicia I think so, the more migrates we have the higher the population will be.Q Is that something bad or good?36. Alicia Id say bad, coz well run out of houses to live in haha, Im kidding, but as I said well 37. experience hardship.Q So dont you think that there are any good aspects to immigration?38. A licia There are, as I said we connect to people who are of a different background. I would 39. say(little pause), say that immigration makes us learn different cultures. Erm, its kinda like 40. getting to know different values and life styles, were basically learningerm increasing our 41. knowledge. There could also be an opportunity to learn different languages.Q So youre saying it allows cultural modify?42. Alicia Er yeah, hehe.Q Is that the only positive aspect or do you have more to add?43. Alicia I would say that London is more take than Germany. Erm immigration shows that the country is treating people fairly, whatever their background. (Big smile)Q Thats a really priggish thought.

South African Forced Removals History Essay

entropy African Forced Removals autobiography EssayIn southeasterly Africa, apartheid was an important factor in the force removal of umpteen an(prenominal) innocent southwest Africans, due to the color of their skin. doneout the 1900s the conflict between separationism and comparison was brought to attention, affecting almost both aspect of a black southeast Africans life. Equality was a struggle starting as far back as the 1600s, when albumin settlers premier came to Africa establishing white supremacy over the black mass, r annihilateering them help slight. From the causes, to the effects upon the civilians, the obligate removals majorly affected the present day southernmost Africa.There are many causes as to why the laboured resettlement of blacks was conveyed by the government. The apartheid more or less originated back in 1652 when white settlers first arrived in South Africa. This history did impact the way the laws and policies were oblige later on 1948 on by the nationalist party. In 1910, the Union was formed. After this, the territorial segregation the white settlers had impressed was put unitedly in law with the 1913 cutting ground Act. The Black Land Act limited the areas black Africans could occupy by dint of ownership or rent, basically to the Bantustans reserves, which do up 7% of the make out convey area of South Africa. This act would become the basic land policy of South Africa up until the end of the resettlement. The Act to a fault made the number of migrant laborers increase, since most of the industries and mines, which was and still is the main source of income for Africans, were busy by black workers, but were located on white land. In 1936, due to the large amount of blacks en agonistic into the reserves, the Development Trust and Black Land Act added land to the reserves. The total land area increase from 7% to 13% land area for blacks, and 87% owned by whites (Henard). During the 1930s and 40s, the amoun t of coin blacks were paid in urban areas was intimately better than that of rural, and this began a migration of black Africans into urban areas. This countered the wants of the dominant agricultural capitalists, who requisite a good, cheap work force during the agricultural boom of the 1950s. and then began the move towards forced removals, to keep blacks out of white urban areas. This gather up for the removal was the implementation of the Bantustan (Homeland) Policy. The Bantustans consisted of a set of ten tribes, known as homelands. Bantustans were territories set aside for the black inhabitants of South Africa that were unofficially independent. The Bantustan Policy was enjoin towards rural, urban, and Bantustan resettlement. These resettlements were to direct blacks from designated white urban land and areas, which led to a work-shy amount of farm laborers. In 1950, the Group Area Act was put into action. The Group Area Act mandated residential segregation throughout South Africa. Over 860,000 Africans were forcibly moved to divide and control racially-separate communities. Multiple multi-racial communities were done for(p) by the government using things such(prenominal) as bulldozers, and other machinery. To come along enforce the eviction of blacks to the Bantustan reserves, the white government created the Prevention of illegal diddly Act in 1951. An illegal squatter by definition was soulfulness living illegally on land without permission from the land owner. They also extended that to even with permission from the owner they could still be convicted and ejected by the authority. Illegal squatters were removed to the Bantustans. As time progressed, black political organizations such as the African populational telling and Pan African Congress were banned from interference. Whites dominated in politics and economy, strategically dividing black bulk into small townships with separate political structures. Having them divided kept them f rom coming together and forming their own ideologies and political ideas. This also prevented them from doing any type of resistance against the white dominated government. Overall there were many events leading up to the forced removals.By the commence of the 1980s, almost 60% of the African population was ground in the Bantustans (source 2). The black spots, or communities the blacks were forced into, were overcrowded and unhygienic. These communities more or less became the dumping grounds for unwanted blacks, namely the elderly, women and children. By forcing these Africans into overcrowded settlements, they prevented them from having political or economic advantage over the whites. As a result of the enforced removal of blacks from white urban and most rural areas, the black majority (87% of the total population) was refocused into the 13% of Bantustan land reserves, by white authoritative (MSU). Places such as Sophiatown in Johannesburg (1955-63), and District 6 in Cape tow nspeople (beginning in 1958) were evicted from their homes. If blacks were to rebel or resist movement, they were forcibly moved, as demonstrate in 1985 over a period of four days, in Crossroads, South Africa. Blacks were being removed to a new township that was government act called Khayelitsha. Their peaceful demonstration turned violent, causing 18 civilians to be killed, and 230 injured. in the midst of the periods of 1960 to 1983, 3 million black Africans were moved. After the institution of the Bantustan Policy, places such as Dimbaza, Illinge, and Saba on the Eastern Cape became overcrowded and infertile. At first the Africans did nothing, but beginning in the 1980s popular resistance to the removals was widespread amongst the migrated. The resistance was massively influenced by Gandhi and Nelson Mandela, who both stood for the end of apartheid and segregation. Gandhi represented peaceful movement and protest, charm Nelson Mandela rooted strongly for changing the type of government and the people domineering it, allowing blacks into the political loop.By the 1980s, the crumble of forced removals began to take place. There was widespread resistance, along with massive amounts of unemployed blacks living largely in poverty. In 1990, the African National Congress was finally unbanned, along with Nelson Mandela freedom. Working together, they were up to(p) to hold the first multiracial democratic elections in 1994. Upon this success, the African Nation Congress dominated with 62% majority of the vote. Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa after 28 long years in prison by the parliament, therefore actively ending apartheid and bringing back equality to South Africa. The Bantustan reserves were later incorporated back into the country of South Africa as a whole. Even after it ended, a great amount of the blacks that were forced into small townships remained there, out of the result that they had no work or money to leave for or with. Ban tustan reserves are ridden with poverty and crime, due to the forced removals.South African forced removals had a large effect on the current state of South Africa. Starting as early as the first white settlers in Africa from Europe, blacks were faced with apartheid and white supremacy for many long years. Over three million Africans were forced from their homes, having to move to overcrowded, infertile, and unsanitary areas so that the white and blacks would stay separated. This separation was made legal through a series of laws, policies, and acts by the white dominated government. The struggle for equality and erosion of apartheid was a long and continuous process, but finally came to an end in the early 1990s.

Interactive Video Delivery Services

Interactive Video talking to ServicesVideo-On-DemandInteractive ServicesInteractive video delivery go argon a fundamental change in the TV embrasureparadigm. They shift the delivery paradigm from carrying many simultaneous par all(prenominal)elstreams (channels) to bingle that carries concurrent accesses through separate channels into adatabase. Traditionally, in a air out TV system of rules, many stations broadcast their programssimultaneously and the exploiter selects a specific channel to view. As a result, a drug callr isrestricted to a chronology of parallel and competing programing whereas, an interactivesystem makes all computer programming available to its users without this restriction. thither is notemporal restriction. All programming becomes available any time to the user.Types of Interactive ServicesBased on the heart of interactivity allowed (adapted from 4), interactive services wad be classified into round(prenominal) categories.The user is a passiv e participant and has no control everywhere the session in broadcast (No-VOD) services that are similar to broadcast TV.The user signs up and pays for specific programming, similar to existing CATV PPV services in pay-per-view (PPV) services.The users are grouped based on a threshold of engage in quasi video-on-demand (Q-VOD) services. By electrical switch to a contrasting group, users can perform rudimentary temporal control activities.The functions like forward and avoid are simulated by transitions in discrete time intervals (on the recite of 5 minutes) in near video-on-demand (N-VOD) services. The multiple channels with the same programming skewed in time 5, 15 can provide this capability.The user has spot control over the session evidenceation in true video-on-demand (T-VOD) services. The user has full-function VCR (virtual VCR) capabilities including forward and reverse play, freeze, and random positioning. For T-VOD, only a wiz channel is necessary multiple channels become redundant.Technological InhibitorsThere are other inhibiting issues to the ubiquitous deployment of interactive multimedia lotions than just technical issues. In the digital environment, information is readily copied, reproduced, and altered, jeopardizing the established markets of the information providers. To coax an information provider to accept an all-digital system, certain incentives like mechanisms like encryption to protect intellectual property rights that go forth maintain their data and thusly help them stay in business are needed. (The Internet does non copy data, people copy data.)System Components for Video-on-Demand5A detailed analysis of these issues is beyond the scope of this paper. An interesting survey of theintellectual property rights problem has been provided by Samuelson 14.Hundreds (if non thousands) of users with different viewing preferences will access a VOD system simultaneously. The quality of each session must remain within stipulate bou nds to achieve node satisfaction. This jibes the quality of the system. We will survey the private technologies in the context of an end-to-end architecture for a VOD system.A regular(prenominal) VOD scenario contains a local database and server connected to user homesvia a discourses nedeucerk. The user home consists of a ne devilrk larboard coupled to adisplay 4. The user interacts with the system via a mouse or a computer keyboard.Fig. 2 illustrates this architecture.user interfaceand displayhigh-speed gritlocal databaselocalserverhomeviewernetwork interfacemultimedia archive and distributormultimedia archive phase 2 A Simple VOD ArchitectureManagement of System Resources in VODWe determine some of the technical problems in designing a VOD system in the previous sections. A VOD system is required to support a tremendous customer population and many depiction titles. Most existing prototypes are constricted to laboratory or office environments and support at just about a few hundred users and up to a hundred motion-picture shows. coarse scale commercial systemsshould need to more closely match the per-user mental imagery requirements and usage patterns toachieve economic feasibility. In this section, we look over some of these problems and discussexisting research in this area.Resource Reservation matchless of the fundamental problems in developing a VOD system is one of terminal and network I/Obandwidth carement. The VOD system possesses a finite amount of resources measured interms of storage I/O and communication bandwidths. As various customers compete for the samesystem resources, efficient schemes that pick up fairness of allocation have to be designed.The service provider wants to reelect the maximum revenue from the offered services. Abalance between these two oft opposing requirements is necessary to tap the potentialbenefits of the system. The first step to forge this problem is the development of anaccurate system model. We use the model proposed in Fig 2 as the basis for the remainderof this discussion.The end-to-end VOD system comprises of three basic components the storage server,the network, and the user interface. The metadata server provides an additional take ofcomplexity to the system model. The time dependency of continuous media requires theVOD system to ensure that the data transmission mechanism can provide for strict deadlines.If these deadlines are missed, it is possible for the quality of the session to degrade. To ensure customer satisfaction, resources should be mute along the entire data path of a connection on a per-session basis. The complexity of the resource reservation mechanism depends on theapplication under consideration. Interactive services need the resource reservation to be made per-session along the entire data path, including at the source.A important factor which is affecting resource reservation is Quality-of-Service (QOS). The common interpretation of QOS is from a ne twork perspective rather than a user or customer perspective. A more suitable view makes use of the two perspectives and yields twoQOS characterizations (we can call them delivery quality and system QOS). A presentchallenge is to identify the mapping from delivery quality to system QOS for a range ofsystem design parameters (e.g., data compression and network switching modes).User Traffic CharacterizationAlthough customers access the VOD system randomly, having a priori acquaintance aboutuser access patterns can lead to a more efficient design. The system can make use of this information to manage network and storage bandwidths. As an example, if the traffic characteristics indicate that a characterisation is popular at a particular site, the system can repeat the movie locally to increase availability.The access pattern of users to the system will not be uniform over a given24 hour period. Typically, one would expect the lode to be low to view as during thedaytime and to increa se gradually through the evening and decrease again during the night.A hypothetical graph characterizing the access to a VOD database for a 24 hour periodis shown in Fig. 4. The access to the database is high during the evening hours, peaks ataround 900 PM, and is low-to-moderate during the day. This access pattern can be employ fordesigning schemes for various considerations like resource management to update popularity tables, distribute data, and reconfigure the system during off-peak hours.05 10 15 20time-of-daydatabase-loadFigure 4 A Schematic Daily-Access Model for a VOD System analogous models can be implemented and maintained for different geographical regions, moviecategories, and individual titles. Such models are able to accommodate the differences in programming choices (e.g., childrens movies are more popular during the early evening hours) of different user groups. However, the complexity of these models, and their tractability is still to be established.Load rappro chementAn issue related directly to resource reservation is load balancing. The load balancing of VOD can be viewed as a combination of two sub-problems (i) The movie-storageallocation problem and (ii) the resource location and connection establishment mechanism. tear down though these problems are solved more easily individually, they are not independentwith respect to performance. From the perspective of a generic interactivesystem, result these issues is an open problem however, simplifications can yield tractable solutions.As an example, if one assumes that a VOD system supports only stored data i.e., movieshave to be digitized and stored in the lead they can become available online, then the datacharacteristics of a movie are well known in advance (e.g., the system has a priori knowledgeabout the average bandwidth, burst rates, burst durations, etc.). This knowledge in one case available, can be used to simplify the design process. Making use of the metadata mechanism as desc ribed in Section 3 simplifies the tax of management by decoupling the storage problem from the location problem.

Telecommunications Implementation at a Company Essay -- Networks Telec

Table of ContentIntroduction3PBX and Centrex4Rotary and DTMF6WATS and Leased Lines7ISO and OSI9Conclusions11Reference List12 IntroductionNetworking and telephony is a case of our everyday environment, whether it be in our homes or in our place of business. We leave behind somehow come into contact with one or the other in some shape or fashion. At Baker, we are no disparate from any other business. The infrastructure of Baker is not a simplex pc and recollect frame-up. The network incorporates everything from a simple analog caudex to our info network backbone that is made of T-3 lines, ISND lines, and IPFR provided by the AT&T datacenter. Baker has 30 offices all over the country and a bring together of offices in abroad in Europe. I will be discussing the setup of the Houston office, since I am most familiar with this office. PBX and CentrexThe Houston office of Baker is comprised of iii types of phones, well, at least until the company moves into one central locat ion. Currently on that point are three offices in Houston that are all a avert apart. The building that I support ho applys an old Merlin Legend telephone system. Its funny, because I consume to set the date on the voicemail to the year 1999 so that when users check their messages, it will give the correct month and date. The system is comprised of ab egress 100 direct-inward dialed (DIDs), some used as analog and some use as digital lines. The digital lines are ISDN lines that allow for digital transmittance of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires. Direct-inward dialing routes calls from the external lines to the PBX, which allows telephone systems to bypass an operator. The PBX then routes the call to the desired extension an... ... developers a better understanding of how to better design a network and whole shebang very well when they moderate to trouble shoot a problem. The end-users and specialise developers do not necessarily use the OSI model as a business tool to gain more clients, but they are hence using the concept whenever they go out and market to clients about out hosting abilities. ConclusionsWith the internet and better means of communication being developed on a daily basis, there is going to be a aeonian change in the way data networks and telephony are today. We have gone from rotary dialed phones, which I can vaguely remember at my grandmothers house to voice recognition cell phones that dial the number for you. We have also went from some crazy number in the past for data travel, like 33 baud/s to what we are at today, stretch speeds that I cant imagine of over 12Mb/s.

Animals Save Lives :: Essays Papers

Animals nevertheless Lives Suppose a family member was suffering from a disease and the bear upon announced that thanks to animal seek they are coming mean to finding a cure. Would it then be acceptable to experiment forward-looking drugs and treatments on animals, even if it meant death for the animal? This is a controversial issue, which has umpteen divided as to whether animal testing is a good or bad thing. The vast majority of animal look is however, devoted to finding curse for human disease. Obviously, in animal research the animals are subjected to umpteen tests, which may cause pain and even have long perdurable negative effects. Moreover, animal research is vital to the medical field. Through animal research many cures for humans have been discovered. Animal research became far-flung in the late 1800s and has continued up into today (RDS). Because of this research dozens of vaccines and antibiotics have been discovered and new advance ments such as open-heart surgical process have been perfected. Animals are used in research and testing when it is infallible to see what happens in the whole living body, where the use of human subjects would not be ethically acceptable (Biomedical Models). Most often animal research is very important in discovering new treatments for diseases and cannot be replaced by computing machine generated models. One of the best-known medical discoveries is that of insulin, which saves almost 500,000 American, lives each year (Chang). many more discoveries have been made thanks to animal research and testing. in that respect have also been many breakthroughs and advancements within the psychology field, because of animal research. Psychologists do research on animals in this field to study the animals behavior and central nervous arrangement. Through understanding how the nervous system works doctors can then begin to understand more most the complex behaviors human s may exhibit (APA). According the American mental Association, Animal research has been the major contributor to the knowledge of the basic instruction processes and motivational systems, such as hunger, thirst, and reproduction. Also animal research has provided vital information about the sensory processes of vision, taste, hearing, and pain perception.

Comparing Hate in The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights :: comparison compare contrast essays

Hate in The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering heights   While reading the two works, The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights, it was unrealizable to miss the blatant prejudice.   The terms used to describe other races were offensive, I also noticed the treatment of many of the characters because of their skin color.  One of the novels was set out in 1801 and the other in 1942 still they both illustrate repulsive prejudices.   Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights is a classic novel from the 1800s.  It was shocking at number 1 to read about the Gypsy boy that Mr. Earnshaw brought home referred to as. a indue of God, though its as dark almost as if it came from the devil.  (Pg 28.  Bronte, Emily.  Wuthering Heights.  Norton Critical ed. third ed. Ed William M. Sale, jr., and Richard J. Dunn.  New York W.W. Norton, 1990)  Not once in the first skirmish of this child did they call him a child or even as him they referred to him as i t (Pg 28,29.  Bronte, Emily.  Wuthering Heights.  Norton Critical ed. 3rd ed. Ed William M. Sale, jr., and Richard J. Dunn.  New York W.W. Norton, 1990)   When Mr. Earnshaw was explaining why he brought the boy home he used phrases like seeing it starving inquired for its owner and whom it belonged. (Pg 29.  Bronte, Emily.  Wuthering Heights.  Norton Critical ed. 3rd ed. Ed William M. Sale, jr., and Richard J. Dunn.  New York W.W. Norton, 1990)     The horrible guidance the people thought about the Gypsy child Heathcliff offended me at first and then I remembered the period of the novel.  That was unfortunately, standard practice for the eon although despicable normal for the era.   The trend continued for one hundred years because the novel The Jewel in the Crown had the same tones about the Indian people in the novel.  Lady Chatterjee was not allowed in a partnership because she was an Indian.  (Pg 106 Scot t, Paul.  The Jewel in the Crown.  1996. Vol. 1 of the Raj Quartet.  Rpt. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1998.)   Many multiplication in this novel, as well there are blatant prejudices.  babe Ludmila felt it an unnatural context the attraction of white to black, the attraction of an contrary of a white woman and an Indian (black) man. (Pg 150 Scott, Paul.  The Jewel in the Crown.

The Cradle :: essays research papers

THE CRADLEMy intensity is called The Cradle by Arthur C. Clarke. The setting of this book takes set up in sunny West Keys in Florida. The main characters in this book are chirrup Dawson who is a Miami photojournalist. She takes pictures and writes stories about the pictures and sells them to the local news and newspaper. come off Williams is a woman-hating Ivy League drop out who captains a gravy boat for his own scuba diving comp any(prenominal). Troy Jefferson is nicks authentic crewman who aids notch in the epic story. This also is Non-Fiction.To pop out the book chirrup travels to the West Keys to cover a whale beaching. She meets Nick and Troy who take her out further into the sea to cover the whale beaching. chant and Nick decide to dive where some dolphins are swimming. Everything goes skilful until they stumble upon a golden trident. Little did they know what it was and what power it possess and what trouble came with it? They have several encounters with mobste rs who thought it was a buried treasure, and the navy blue who recently lost a new test missile almost the area Nick and Carol plunge the golden trident. Nick, Carol, and Troy make pass to the smudge where they found the golden troublemaker too look for any other secrets. Unfortunately they are caught in space ship which has colonized there. Confused, Nick and Carol wonder around the unknown in await of answers. They found more than they bargained for. They found the secrets of the world, but worse of all they found the fate of man kind and everything around it. After several cliffhangers Nick and Carol meet the actual aliens themselves. After showing them what is going to come across to world in a few years Nick and Carol ask them to keep the trident. The aliens wager a deal with them. Nick and Carol secure fill the deal but the aliens dont full theirs. The disappointed Nick and Carol hide the trident in a spot on the space ship, hoping that the aliens wont find it. Nick an d Carol are successful in their attempts to save man kind, and the world lives as it would today.The good points about the book were that it always left you hanging. At the block off of every page it left you wondering about what will march on on the next page. It had a very good story if you like the kind of story it is.

Love in Andrew Marvell in To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes The Sunn

Love in Andrew Marvell in To His demure schoolmistress and illusion Donnes The Sunne uphill These cardinal poems, To His Coy Mistress and The Sunne Rising are similar poems, they are both(prenominal) metaphysical (metaphysical essence more than physical) poems written around Shakespeares date. The main theme of these poems is the same it is coquet and the love of a cleaning woman. Yet the two poets confirm very dissimilar opinions on these two things. Within both poems are arguments, in To His Coy Mistress it is with the woman and in The Sunne Rising it is with the sun. The Sunne Rising is slightly a mans argument with the sun over how important it is compared to his woman. To his Coy Mistress is about a man trying to seduce the woman. The main theme of the two poems is love. Thither are other themes in the poems which are linked to love, in To his Coy Mistress the theme time and how it is passing by is introduced The trey stanzas develop the theme, in the first stanza the narrator in the poem negotiation about how they could be together forever, Till the conversion of the Jews this is saying how they have all the time in the founding so they can moot it slow, in the second stanza time speeds up, The graves a fine and private place, only if none, I think do there embrace. This means that he willing not be able to love her when she is dead and alone. In the triplet stanza the man is saying they cant stop time, they should take things fast and make time try and keep up with them. The Sunne Rising has a very distinct theme, it is the sun and the world, instead of the argument beingness with the woman about them being together, in The Sunne Rising it is about how the sun think... ...entre is, these walls, thy sphere. This is saying that if you shine here sun you are shining on my whole world, this room is my world and my woman is the centre of it. This shows how Donne uses imagery to illust rate the mans love for the woman and how he feels about her. This shows how both writers feel that imagery is a good manner to get feelings across within a progressing argument. These two poems have similarities in structure, poetic voice, use of imagery, tone and in the use of themes. Yet both poems also have difference in these same areas. In The Sunne Rising he already has his woman and in To his Coy Mistress he is trying to seduce the woman. I believe The Sunne Rising by John Donne was the more successful poem because I thought the author got the mans feelings for the woman across to the reader better.

Essay --

Ronald PerkinsJulialicia campaign12/8/2013Troubles of neighborly MediaIn instantlys golf club the youth of the foundation ar almost wide-eyedy helpless on technology and loving media. They are participants of these websites without thinking about or universe aware of the consequences of their constant abuse. These favorable sites are made to sustainment everyone in the piece connected with each other. They were made to birth news show and the teaching of today accessible and relative to everyone. These good and honest intentions rush been modify into so much more. These websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the infamous Youtube are forthwith used as a way to avoid or express the troubles and problems of populations everyday lives. A way for people to come along and reinforce the stereotypes, trends, and other irrelevant and negative influences placed on baseb any club by pop culture. Everyone constantly points out the positive do of these social m edias without making notice of the many health problems they lead to in todays youth.There are too many users and supporters of these social medias that do not understand most of the problems that are caused to by them. Social media squirt cause disorders like insomnia at a more innovative stage. specify of all your friends or even most of the youth as an example. or so everyone uses social media all through the day and night and we arouse all agree on hearing or seeing mortal make a post and comments well into the night on any Facebook or Instagram on several occasions. While there are roughly who erotic love their sleep most of todays youth shed their nights on social media. Studies have shown that there is a clear connector that the overdrive of social media will lead to results in things like leave comments, twe... ... some its many flaws such as ruining and preventing meaningful and face-to-face vocal and nonverbal connections.People tend to overuse and overdo the things that world has to advance that gives them the most joy or comfort. When people do this they claim something that is wondrous and extraordinary and make them simplistic and harmful. Im not face a person shouldnt use these social media in timidity of obtaining a mental illness but to use them in moderation. To create a stable and balanced portion of time for the practical(prenominal) world of wonder and limitless potential and the real world full of excitation and mystery. Isabella Mori, I. (2010, July 06). Social media and mental health. Retrieved from http//brainblogger.com/2010/07/06/social-media-and-mental-health/Merriam-Webster.com. Depression.(n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/depression Essay -- Ronald PerkinsJulialicia Case12/8/2013Troubles of Social MediaIn todays society the youth of the world are almost fully dependent on technology and social media. They are participants of these websites without thinking about or being aware of the consequences of their constant abuse. These social sites are made to keep everyone in the world connected with each other. They were made to make news and the information of today accessible and relative to everyone. These good and honest intentions have been transformed into so much more. These websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and the infamous Youtube are now used as a way to avoid or emphasize the troubles and problems of peoples everyday lives. A way for people to encourage and reinforce the stereotypes, trends, and other irrelevant and negative influences placed on society by pop culture. Everyone constantly points out the positive effects of these social medias without making notice of the many health problems they lead to in todays youth.There are too many users and supporters of these social medias that do not understand some of the problems that are caused to by them. Social media can cause disorders like insomnia at a more advanced stage . Think of all your friends or even most of the youth as an example. Almost everyone uses social media all through the day and night and we can all agree on hearing or seeing someone make a post and comments well into the night on either Facebook or Instagram on several occasions. While there are some who love their sleep most of todays youth spend their nights on social media. Studies have shown that there is a clear connection that the overuse of social media will lead to results in things like leaving comments, twe... ... some its many flaws such as ruining and preventing meaningful and face-to-face verbal and nonverbal connections.People tend to overuse and overdo the things that world has to offer that gives them the most joy or comfort. When people do this they take something that is wonderful and extraordinary and make them simplistic and harmful. Im not saying a person shouldnt use these social media in fear of obtaining a mental illness but to use them in moderation. To cr eate a stable and balanced portion of time for the virtual world of wonder and limitless potential and the real world full of excitement and mystery. Isabella Mori, I. (2010, July 06). Social media and mental health. Retrieved from http//brainblogger.com/2010/07/06/social-media-and-mental-health/Merriam-Webster.com. Depression.(n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/depression

Listening Skills :: Communication

CLOSE LISTENINGAccording to scholars in the knit of disputationen, Listening is the dish of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages (qtd in Thompson, et al. 1994). tour we may feel that we are already erect pick upers, we are also mindful that sometimes our attention wanders, we space out completely, or we lose wind of a speaker because we begin opinion intimately our feature ideas.By asking you to practice audition, we are not suggesting that you are not a good arguingener already, but that by thinking to the highest degree perceive -- what qualities urinate a good bewareer, the various kinds of earreach roles we play, and the someoneal challenges we read in effective listening and doing some listening exercises, youll maintain the listening skills you keep and perhaps develop new ones. wreakting Started (Class 1)1.First, working in groups of 4 or 5, generate a list of 8 qualities that good listeners hav e. These might include both visible and non-visible items.2.Next, compose a list of 8 things that can get in the commission of ones ability to listen fully and effectively. For example, what kind of environments are best for listening? What kinds of emotional states make it harder to listen accurately?3.Next, think or so the opposite kinds of listening mess engage in what roles do listeners play from daylight to day?4.Finally, set together as a class and cumulate a mortify list of your groups findings. The What I comprehend Exercise (Class 2)Because a big part of engaged listening involves handsome feedback to a speaker, sometimes we have to be able to both listen and think simultaneously. While focusing too much on our make thoughts can get in the way of effective listening, making plain connections to explore ulterior can be very useful. In this exercise, you depart listen to your classmates delimitate the main points from their button up-Reading radicals (f rom Assignment One), and follow-up with a segue to your give birth paper.1.First, one person says what passage his or her almost Reading is about and either reads all of it or an excerpt aloud. 2.Next, that person tells the class about the main points of his or her Close Reading, using the Close Reading paper as notes.3.At this point, anyone whose passage is similar (some may even have identical passages) or raises similar issues, enters the conversation with an avouchment that he or she has perceive the previous speaker by maxim something like, What I heard you say is followed by the link that the student sees between his or her own paper and the paper of the previous speaker.Listening Skills conferenceCLOSE LISTENINGAccording to scholars in the field of listening, Listening is the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages (qtd in Thompson, et al. 1994). While we may feel that we are already good listeners, we are also aware that sometimes our attention wanders, we space out completely, or we lose track of a speaker because we begin thinking about our own ideas.By asking you to practice listening, we are not suggesting that you are not a good listener already, but that by thinking about listening -- what qualities make a good listener, the various kinds of listening roles we play, and the personal challenges we have in effective listening and doing some listening exercises, youll maintain the listening skills you have and perhaps develop new ones. Getting Started (Class 1)1.First, working in groups of 4 or 5, generate a list of 8 qualities that good listeners have. These might include both visible and non-visible items.2.Next, create a list of 8 things that can get in the way of ones ability to listen fully and effectively. For example, what kind of environments are best for listening? What kinds of emotional states make it harder to listen accurately?3.Next, think about the different ki nds of listening people engage in what roles do listeners play from day to day?4.Finally, come together as a class and compile a master list of your groups findings. The What I heard Exercise (Class 2)Because a big part of engaged listening involves giving feedback to a speaker, sometimes we have to be able to both listen and think simultaneously. While focusing too much on our own thoughts can get in the way of effective listening, making simple connections to explore later can be very useful. In this exercise, you will listen to your classmates describe the main points from their Close-Reading papers (from Assignment One), and follow-up with a segue to your own paper.1.First, one person says what passage his or her Close Reading is about and either reads all of it or an excerpt aloud. 2.Next, that person tells the class about the main points of his or her Close Reading, using the Close Reading paper as notes.3.At this point, anyone whose passage is similar (some may even have i dentical passages) or raises similar issues, enters the conversation with an affirmation that he or she has heard the previous speaker by saying something like, What I heard you say is followed by the link that the student sees between his or her own paper and the paper of the previous speaker.

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay: The Importance of Setting

The impressiveness of Setting in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights fancy The two holes of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights dreaming are essential to the development of the plot, although their presentation relies solely on the characters we meet in that billet, their adventures and their descriptions of these centers. Athens is not an accidental choice of location although much of the detail of the play is quintessentially English, the classical setting enables Shakespeare to introduce the historied lawgiver, who has had his own problems in love it makes plausible the nominateence to the severe law, and it allows Oberon to nurture seriously to Cupid and Diana without the plays seeming blasphemous. Theseus is an enlightened ruler, noted for his wise judgement just there is a limit to his abilities the problem Egeus gives him seems incapable of solution, so he tries to buy time and work on Egeus and Demetrius. But there seems shortsighted hope that the harsh Athenian law will produce a solution acceptable to all parties. The timberland is mentioned first by Lysander, who has been there with Hermia and Helena on May Day, and in the following scene by Bottom. Neither seems to have any inkling of what they may meet there. The wood may be unremarkable in the daytime notwithstanding at night it is a shopping center of danger and surprise. The young lovers experience the admiration but do not know its cause. The mechanicals go to the Palace timberland because they wish to rehearse unseen, little knowing that the wood is full of inspirit (not to mention the four young lovers). Lysanders literal losing of his way anticipates his metaphorical losing of his way, in pursuing the wrong woman. Demetrius speaks to Helena in a manner no gentleman would care to use ... ...mens own strange standards the device is flawed, since Thisbe is go forth to find the dead Pyramus by (imagined) starlight. The performance of Starveling also gives Theseus and Hipp olyta the chance to come out some very topical jokes about changing and waning. The play opens in Athens. We see how the young lovers and the mechanicals leave (for different reasons) this known and familiar place and enter the wood. This is the proper domain of the fairies, and no place for men, who enter at their peril. In the symmetry of the play, we see this process reversed in wager 5. Here the fairies come into Athens into the home of Theseus. But they are in no danger, not even of discovery. While they can promote the customary fertility of the natural world in the wood, the importance of Theseus and Hippolyta requires a much(prenominal) direct overseeing of the conception of their heir. A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay The Importance of SettingThe Importance of Setting in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream The two locations of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream are essential to the development of the plot, although their presentation relies exclu sively on the characters we meet there, their adventures and their descriptions of these places. Athens is not an accidental choice of location although much of the detail of the play is quintessentially English, the classical setting enables Shakespeare to introduce the notable lawgiver, who has had his own problems in love it makes plausible the reference to the severe law, and it allows Oberon to refer seriously to Cupid and Diana without the plays seeming blasphemous. Theseus is an enlightened ruler, notable for his wise judgement but there is a limit to his abilities the problem Egeus gives him seems incapable of solution, so he tries to buy time and work on Egeus and Demetrius. But there seems little hope that the harsh Athenian law will produce a solution acceptable to all parties. The wood is mentioned first by Lysander, who has been there with Hermia and Helena on May Day, and in the following scene by Bottom. Neither seems to have any inkling of what they may meet there. The wood may be unremarkable in the daytime but at night it is a place of danger and confusion. The young lovers experience the confusion but do not know its cause. The mechanicals go to the Palace timberland because they wish to rehearse unseen, little knowing that the wood is full of liquor (not to mention the four young lovers). Lysanders literal losing of his way anticipates his metaphorical losing of his way, in pursuing the wrong woman. Demetrius speaks to Helena in a manner no gentleman would care to use ... ...mens own strange standards the device is flawed, since Thisbe is unexpended to find the dead Pyramus by (imagined) starlight. The performance of Starveling also gives Theseus and Hippolyta the chance to cut off some very topical jokes about changing and waning. The play opens in Athens. We see how the young lovers and the mechanicals leave (for different reasons) this known and familiar place and enter the wood. This is the proper domain of the fairies, and no place for men, who enter at their peril. In the symmetry of the play, we see this process reversed in arrange 5. Here the fairies come into Athens into the home of Theseus. But they are in no danger, not even of discovery. While they can promote the general fertility of the natural world in the wood, the importance of Theseus and Hippolyta requires a more direct overseeing of the conception of their heir.

Comparing Maturity in Separate Peace and All Quiet on the Western Front :: comparison compare contrast essays

Maturity in A Separate two-eyed violet and exclusively chill out on the Western Front The evolution of a child to adult is a long and complex make. There is some other transitional tempo that goes in the middle of these two periods. In militant terms, such as those used in the settings of Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front and John Knowless A Separate Peace, that step could be classified as being a soldier. W.N. Hodgson acknowledges this progression as well, in the poem Before Action. The speaker begs first for God to enlighten him a soldier (line 8) and then once he is a soldier he asks God to make him a man (16). Soldiers arent quite children anymore theyve seen too much pain, death, and horror to maintain their innocence as children do. However, they arent very men yet either. In A Separate Peace and All Quiet on the Western Front, the characters all go through this process of growing up, where they begin as children and proceed on to being soldiers, in the long run emerging as strong, insightful men by the end of the book. The characters in A Separate Peace are first seen as children. gene and Phineas (or Finny), the main characters in A Separate Peace, are first portray as regular teenageage boys, full of life, energy, and humor. Ready to find mutation in everything, the boys even make games out of the war, including the Super Suicide confederation of the Summer Session (Knowles 24) and blitzball (Knowles 29). They jump out of trees as a military reserve for jumping out of a plane and throw a good turn ball around, pretending that its a bomb. People perceive them as reckless and wild and perhaps even a sign of the life the war was being fought to preserve (Knowles 17). They go through things that everyone experiences as a teen jealousy, peer pressure, and competition. They dont know very much about the war or about life itself. Finny even blatantly denies the existence of the war, saying that the expatiate old men who dont want them crowding up their jobs have cooked up this war fake (Knowles 107). One of the boys in their class, Leper, dreams of enlisting in the move troops, seeing it as a safe, clean way to get regard in the war rather than having to kill and destroy.

A Reflection Upon My Writing Essay -- Reflection Essay

As a student, I write for multiple purposes. Purpose is the describe for how my thoughts are dictated on this blank white sheet. After typography this in my in-class journal discussing my transition from five-paragraph writing to actual formation of thoughts without a specific format, I accomplished that this process was a larger trade union movement than I originally thought. Through endless amounts of essay writing the face-to-face academic improvements that piddle taken place this quarter are unexpressible in comparison to any other academic feat make in my brief scarce fulfilling college career. As a writer, I realized climax into college that my writing was not necessarily bad by any means, but instead extremely uninteresting. After leaving the public secondary coil education system, I though that I had a strong ft in writing, which I did, but it did not hit me until my first hebdomad of my writing class that I was a formulaic writer. I would get the typical five par agraph essay format that I had been tending(p) since eighth grade and wring it out until it was dry. After getting either last drop of the benefits of a typical five paragraph essay, I panicked after stepping into college and thought that my writing process would only have to change by suspending my thoughts over time and sentences, allowing single thoughts to melt onto the knave line after line. For some reason, I thought that I could forefend my professors from my weakness, but this ploy eventually ruined me, and if anything, this suspension of my thought did zippo but accentuate my faults. As a serious academic, admitting defeat was hard, but I needed to bite the bullet and ask for assistance. After coming into my writing class and attending my first peer editing workshop, I felt li... ... about a construction of a moment of our lives? The unembellished nature of the writing began to get to me. You would think that the same prompt of reflection would make me care less abo ut the assignments, but instead I would worry much about keeping my writing fresh and exciting. If anything, I felt like my writing was part of the film Inception. Instead of a dream, deep down a dream, within a dream, I had an essay, about an essay, within an essay. Through the duration of this writing course and the work put in academically, I feel the growth illuminating the keystrokes as I cause this essay. I feel as though I am capable to tackle more complex prompts and allow myself to stay much more open minded through the academic writing process. As I learn more styles of writing and continue to gain experience as an author and an academic, the process will only be that much easier.

Professional Sports - Free Agency is Causing the Slow Death of Baseball

Free Agency is Causing the wearisome Death of Baseball What ever happened to the old days? This is a remark that my Dad and Grandpa are always saying when it comes to major federation baseball in this era. Like clockwork, at the beginning of both baseball season my Dad says, Every year my team has all parvenu faces. How am I supposed to root for this team if I dont til now know who is playing for them. Now, more than ever, this comment is true. It is true because of free performance in baseball. Free agency is reposeing the fabric of the baseball blanket in America. This is the same blanket that m whatever of us sports fans possess grown up with and have drawn accustomed too. Baseball is our national pastime. If something is not through with(p) to change free agency in baseball it may not remain our national heritage in the future. Baseball is the sport that every kid growing up has a dream to play. These same kids also look at major league baseball players as their routi ne models. If free agency runs the same course that it has been running it give destroy baseball. If nothing is done to change free agency all that we, as baseball fans, will remember baseball as is a pastime. tally to Rick Reilly, a freelance writer for sports magazines, free agency (which he broadly defines as an athletes ability to offer his services on the unfold market to the highest bidder,) is a threat to baseball (108). However, free agency does have a few restrictions that do not allow just any player to file for it. A player with zero to three long time of experience must negotiate his salary with club management a player with more than three but less than six all-inclusive years in the majors has an option of submitting a salary quarrel to an independent arbitrator and a player with si... ...blanket that fans of the sport have travel attached to like a security blanket. What free agency is doing to baseball should not be tolerated by us, the fans. It should not ev en be tolerated by anyone associated with the sport. Free agency it could end up destroying the future thoughts and dreams of baseball fans all the same to come. If something is not done to free agency in baseball, which is considered our national pastime, will not be considered that by future generations to come. Works Cited Gelin, Dana. Fish Tale. Sports represent Commemorative Issue 1997 28- 30. Kurkjian, Tim. Blueprint For Success. Sports Illustrated Commemorative Issue 1997 16-19. Reilly, Rick. Fishing For Marlin Fans. Sports Illustrated border 9, 1998 108 Worsnop, Richard L. Pro Sports Big Challenge. Editorial Research Reports 9 Feb. 1990, Vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 82-94

Importance of Fear in The Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord of the Flies

Importance of Fear in The master of the locomote The boys in the book, The Lord of the Flies, are controlled by their fear of the beast. This fear is non of the beast itself, but of the unknown. It comes from not knowing whether or not a beast exists. The children start as one united group. They are a community in their own. Slowly, rules started to get broken, individuals began to leave, and the group broke apart. The one topic that causes this break-up is the beast. The beast means different things to everyone, but each boy is white-lipped of it. All of this fear starts at one of the very first assemblies when a littlun says that he saw a beastie in the forest. Now he says it was a beastie (35). Everyone is already a little afraid of being on the island alone, without any(prenominal) adults, but this makes them even more scared. Ralph, the chosen leader, feels this fear and notices it among the other boys. He tries to reassure the others as well as himself wi th, You couldnt have a beastie, a snake-thing, on an island this size. You only get them in big countries, like Africa, or India (36). He continues trying to ease the fear by ending the talk of beasties with, ...I tell you there is no beast (36). In addition, Ralph tries to have an sanguine look on rescue, and talks of fun on the island to help the children roost calm. Jack and Ralph continue dealing the issue of fear, without the littluns present, to avoid frightening them further. somely they discuss how the littluns scream out in their dreams because they are so afraid. Simon joins in on one of their conversations on page 52 As if it wasnt a good island. Ast... ... By the end of the novel, it is not the beast that has driven the boys to savagery it is their fear of the beast. Most of the boys try to deal with their fear by pushing it away, but it is perpetually in the back of their minds, controlling every move they make. They do not know whether or not there is a beast on the island. They are afraid of the unknown. Works Cited. Baker, James R. Why Its No Go. circumstantial Essays on William Golding. Ed. James R. Baker. Boston G.K. Hall & Co., 1988. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. London Faber and Faber, 1958. Hynes, Samuel. William Goldings Lord of the Flies. Critical Essays on William Golding. Ed. James R. Baker. Boston G.K. Hall & Co., 1988. Moody, Philippa. Golding Lord of the Flies, a critical commentary. London Macmillan, 1964.