Epic of Beowulf - Contradictory Christian Elements in Beowulf Essay

Contradictory Christian Elements in Beowulf In Beowulf the Christian element, which coexists alongside the pagan or heathen, sometimes in a seemingly contradictory fashion, is many faceted. Certainly the Christian element seems to be too deeply interwoven in the text for us to ideate that it is due to additions made by scribes at a time when the poem had come to be written down. The Christian element had to be included by the original poet or by minstrels who recited it in later times. The extent to which the Christian element is present varies in different parts of the poem. In the last impute (22003183) the number of lines affected by it amounts to less than four per cent., while in the section dealing with Beowulfs return (19042199) it is negligible. In the earlier portions, on the different hand, the percentage rises to about ten percent ( shield v1,ch3,s3,n16). The Christian element is about equally distributed between the speeches and the narrative. While the poets ref lections and characters statements are mostly Christian, the customs and ceremonies, on the other hand, are almost entirely heathen/pagan. This fact seems to point to a heathen work which has undergone revision by Christian minstrels. In the grounds of cremation mentioned in reference to Hildeburhs family in The Finnsburh Episode and in relation to Beowulf at the end of the poem, which is the prevalent form of funeral rite found in the poem, this hold had probably passed out of use by the time the poem was starting to be Christianized, so such passages could not excite the repugnance among the Christian listeners in the audience. The Christianity of Beowulf is of an indefinite and undoctrinal type. The minstrels ... ...dictory fashion it is a many-faceted subject to study. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, Michael, translator. The Earliest English Poems. New York Penguin Books, 1991. Bloom, Harold. Introduction. In Modern Critical Interpretations Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New Y ork Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York Anchor Books, 1977. Frank, Roberta. The Beowulf Poets Sense of History. In Beowulf Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. The Holy Bible, edited by dom Bernard Orchard. San Francisco Ignatius Press, 1966. Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 190721 New York Bartleby.com, 2000

Settling a New World Essay -- essays research papers fc

The very survival of the early settlers to the New World would regard much upon the generosity of the Native Americans. Had the natives non been so helpful and had instead violently resisted the bran-newcomers, European settlers might non have been so eager to come settle this new land. Both Jamestown and Plymouth would depend upon the goodwill of the native people for their initial survival while establishing their settlements. The Indians not only introduced the areas indigenous food sources but also their factory farm techniques to the settlers. The settlers would depend upon these for their survival in a new and unfamiliar land. Being able to provide their own food would be the first step in successfully establishing the new colonies, once the settlers were able to do this their numbers grew. With that growth in population came a appetency for more settlement territory, it would be this desire for more land that would lead to unrest between the Native Americans and the set tlers.Upon their arrival to the New World in May 1607, the newcomers built a settlement and open up it as Jamestown. Of the 104 settlers, many were gentlemen and ill suited for the tasks ahead. The area was swamp warm, humid and riddled with mosquito infested malarial bogs of water and parasites carrying numerous other diseases. In their haste to fall out wealth and the Northwest Passage to Asia, the men neglected to plant crops to replenish their food supplies, which were dwindling rapidly. Within eight months of their arrival only thirty-eight colonists were liquid alive. A late captain, can Smith, would become the settlements new leader. He enforced a policy decreeing, He that will not worke shall not eate. Under his leadership the colony was revived but when injured by a gunpowder explosion in 1609 he was sent back to England. John Ratcliffe was elected to take his place and under his command the settlers would experience what would come to be known as the starving times. C ome the end of pass only sixty survived and many of those only did so by consuming their dead neighbors. Along with the difficult situation of food shortages, there were also skirmishes with the local anesthetic Native Americans. Legend holds that in 1608 Captain John Smiths life would be spared only due to the pleas from Indian leader Powhatans young daughter Pocahontas, who brought food and clothing to the colonis... ...rs to this New World ultimately succeeded due to the generosity of the local natives, and due to the fact there was no unification of the local native tribes. Had the Indian natives never helped the settlers learn top plant native crops and provided aid during times of starvation, the settlers success would have been limited. Many times settlements were saved from the coast of extinction upon Indian intervention. If Indian tribes had been able to unite together when the settlers first began to arrive, they might have been able to join forces and win a battle ag ainst the new arrivals while the colonists numbers were still few. Had the new colonists been faced with an organized fighting force that killed them upon arrival, the Europeans might have been too frightened to glide by to send new arrivals for fear of slaughter. In the end it would be the English settlers who would prevail their vast numbers, superior weapons, and unified forces would overcome Indian resistance.BibliographyThe World harbor Encyclopedia (1999)www.jamestown.orgAgriculture, Indians, and American History www.cals.edu/aagexed/aee502/indians.htmlThe American Journey, A History of the United States

Acid Rain Essay -- Geology

ACID RAIN - DEFINITION Scientists have discovered that air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is the major(ip) cause of acid rain. The main chemicals in air pollution that create acid rain are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Acid rain commonly forms high in the clouds where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This mixture forms a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight increases the rate of near of these reactions. Rainwater, snow, fog, and other forms of precipitation containing those mild solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids fall to earth as acid rain. Acidity is measured using a pH scale, with the issue forth 7 being neutral. Consequently, a substance with a pH value of less than 7 is acidic, while one of a value greater than 7 is basic. Generally, the pH of 5.6 has been used as the baseline in identifying acid rain, although there has been much debate over the acceptance of this value. Interestingly enough, a pH of 5.6 is the pH value of carbon dioxide in equilibrium with distilled water. That means, acid ran is defined as any rainfall that has an acidity level beyond what is expected in non-polluted rainfall. whatever precipitation that has a pH value of less than 5.6 is considered to be acid precipitation. The three main sources of acid deposition are 1. Coal in electrical energy 2. Base metal smelting 3. Fuel combustion in vehicles This is a small diagram that shows where some of the pollution comes from and where it goes to when it turns into acid rain.... ...e EcoLogo. They minimize the use of environmentally bad substances and maximize energy efficiency and the use of recycled materials. Buy locally produced or grown items from local stores and businesses. They dont require the transportation energy of m erchandise products.Transportation Walk, ride your bike or take a bus to work. Share a ride with a friend or co-worker. Have your engine tuned at least once every six months. Check your car tire pressure regularly. Use alternative fuels, such as ethanol, propane or born(p) gas. Avoid unnecessary idling. In the winter, warm your cars engine with a block heater for two to three hours prior to driving, rather than plugging in the battery overnight. Reduce the number of trips you make in your car. Drive at moderate speeds. Take the train or bus on long trips. Go CFC-Free.

A Comparison of George Orwells Totalitarian World of 1984 and America

Orwells Totalitarian World of 1984 is America in 2004 Orwells allegorical critique of Stalinism in 1984 is frequently used in capitalist nations as a poignant literary attack on Communism and other collectivist economic and political brasss. The leaning often follows the lines of This is socialism, and as you can see, it doesnt work and just leads to oppression. Were in a nice capitalist democracy, therefore we are better off. But is that conclusion the justness? Orwell didnt just intend 1984 as an attack on communism or socialism instead it is both an attack and a rather prophetic pattern against any authoritarian structure, including the authoritarian structure of capitalist democracies. Often we do not equate democracy with totalitarianism, but thanks to the manipulation of language, we can shed both democracy and a corrupt and oppressive regime simultaneously. How? Through the wonders of Orwells newspeak and doublethink. This is not newspeak exactly as Orwel l portrayed it (a open attempt at centralised modification of language), but more in the form of what Orwell warned about in his essay Language and Politics. The subtle debasing of words has allowed the powerful in classless nations to successfully install a system which is blatantly counter-democratic in its behavior and yet is masked by twisted language. Democracy means, to many Americans, a system in which they choose their own leaders, voice their opinions to representatives in government, and human rights and freedoms are respected by the state. But in practice, democracy, when applied abroad by the join States, means subjugating native peoples to the will of American corporations, and in the process, the destruction... ...s ideas of Newspeak and doublethink. Those who think America is far from the totalitarian world of 1984 are actually dead wrong. It is 1984 today in many respects the only difference is that the leaders have done a much better job of covering up their wrongdoing. It could be give tongue to that Orwell was the prophet and Chomsky is the messiah of our current democratic state.Works CitedChomsky, Noam. Profit Over People Neoliberalism and Global Order. New York Seven Stories Press, 1999.Chomsky, Noam. The Chomsky Trilogy (The Prosperous Few And the Restless many another(prenominal) (1994), Secrets, Lies and Democracy (1994), and What Uncle Sam Really Wants (1992) ). Tucson, AZ Odonian Press/Seven Stories Press, 1999. (available in e-text from the Noam Chomsky Archive http//www.zmag.org/chomsky/index.cfm)Orwell, George. 1984. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1949.

Influences on Judicial Power Essay -- Political Science Judicial Revie

Influences on Judicial PowerUnder Article III of the Constitution the juridical branch was established, but rather implicit in residuum to the other two branches of goernment. This ambiguity allocates various opportunities for interpretation of discriminatory power. In Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton addresses the role of the judiciary branch within the national government in regards to political immunity of judges through smell tenure and contribution to checks and balances through power or legal review. Chief Justice John Marshall, in his ruling of Marbury v. Madison, established the principle of judicial review advocated by Hamilton in the Federalist Papers. Originally designated as the weakest of the ternion branches in government by the framers of the Constitution, the Judiciary has roll up an increase in political influence through judiciary review and has proven to be an essential institution in the separation of powers as sanitary as an bustling participant in the remains of checks and balances.According to Hamilton in Federalist 78, the judicial branch has the least amount of power among the three branches of government. The Judiciary is the weakest of the three departments of power, that it can never attack with success either of the other two (Woll, 410). The enumerated powers of Congress include the authority to collect taxes, borrow money, regulate commerce, and pass federal law. These assigned powers permit Congress to control the economy and regulate the public by adopting legislations. The Executive branch has the power to enforce laws, negotiate treaties, and accept ambassadors. Possessing these powers on with being the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, the President is capable of leading the federal government through perils pertaining to the public. The Judiciary has no influence over either the sword or the purse no direction either of the strength or of the wealth of the society and can take no active resolution whatever It may truly be said to have neither FORCE NOR WILL, but merely judgment (Woll, 410). The Judicial branch lacks the important power possessed by Congress and the President in the federal government and is further limited by presidential appointment of justices and congressional termination to establish lower courts. The Supreme Courts ability to pass judgment, however, gives significant power... ...the doctrine of the Constitution, which is superior.Hamilton conceived the judicial branch as the weakest of the three governmental branches however, it is an indispensable contributor to the system of checks and balances. The executive and legislative branches check the judicial branch through the Presidents power to appoint justices and Congress power to establish lower courts. The judicial branch checks both the executive and legislative branches through judicial review, which was established by Marshall in the case of Marbury v. Madison. Hamilton also emphasized the significance of judicial independence from political influence of the two stronger branches of government in order to preserve separation of powers. This requisite independence of the judicial branch is achieved through life tenure for justices, which prevents them from being susceptible to political pressures. Article III of the Constitution pertaining to the Judiciary is very inexplicit regarding the powers of judicial branch however, the uncontested establishment of judicial review has significantly strengthen its authority and it is undeniably an influential branch within the governmental system today.

Huckleberry Finn: A Good Role Model :: essays research papers

huckleberry Finn A Good Role Model"The Adventures of huckleberry Finn" gives a visual look at the time inwhich the author Samuel Clemens lived. He explains how he felt approximately his livingthrough the eyes of a young boy named Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn hasmany adventures that teach him life lessons we can learn from today. Although there are differing opinions on whether Huck Finn is a good role model fortodays young people, I will explain why I think he is.     Huck is a good role model for several reasons. First, he believes thatslavery is wrong. He believes in treating people equally regardless of color.When Huck sees the widows fugitive slave Jim on Jacksons Island, he has mixedemotions about what he should say and do. He feels badly that the widow isgoing to sell Jim and separate him from his family. Huck decides against breachreasoning to help Jim escape down the Mississippi River to Cairo.     Another example of good role modeling is Hucks faithfulness to those heloves and cares for. Huck lies to protect Jim on several occasions. Lying isnot the best thing, but to Huckleberry, the truth is not always a black andwhite issue. He is faithful to his friends and chooses friendship instead. Heknows that Jims family needs him. In todays language, Huckleberrys reactionto Jims situation would reflect what Spock of Star Trek says, The needs of themany outweigh the needs of the few.     An illustration of another positive face of Huck shows us that he has agood and true heart, and the best intentions even though they may not turn outright. For example, the widow tells Huck to pray for the dinner they are having.Hucks interpretation is, God thank you for the meal and if you get the chance,please let me catch a big catfish. The widow tells Huck that he shouldnt prayfor material things. Huck disagrees because his Sunday School teacher teacheshim to pray to God for what you want, and it will be granted. The widow tellshim that the teacher is talking about spiritual things. He still disagrees, andis sent to his room. Even though his intentions are the best, he still comes upshort but he keeps on trying.     Finally, Huckleberry Finn thinks life is precious and shouldnt bewasted. This is the most important lesson he can teach todays young people. Heand Jim find themselves in a situation as they are floating down theMississippi River in the fog.

Huckleberry Finn: A Good Role Model :: essays research papers

huckabackleberry Finn A Good Role Model"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" gives a visual look at the time inwhich the author Samuel Clemens lived. He explains how he felt ab step to the fore his lifethrough the eyes of a young boy named Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn hasmany adventures that teach him life lessons we fanny learn from today. Althoughthere are differing opinions on whether Huck Finn is a good role model fortodays young people, I will explain why I think he is.     Huck is a good role model for several reasons. First, he believes thatslavery is wrong. He believes in treating people equally disregarding of color.When Huck sees the widows runaway slave Jim on Jacksons Island, he has mixedemotions about what he should say and do. He feels badly that the widow isgoing to sell Jim and elucidate him from his family. Huck decides against betterreasoning to help Jim escape down the Mississippi River to Cairo.     Another example of good role modeling is Hucks closemouthedness to those heloves and cares for. Huck lies to protect Jim on several occasions. Lying isnot the best thing, but to Huckleberry, the truth is not always a black andwhite issue. He is faithful to his friends and chooses friendship instead. Heknows that Jims family needs him. In todays language, Huckleberrys reactionto Jims posture would reflect what Spock of Star Trek says, The needs of themany outweigh the needs of the few.     An illustration of another(prenominal) positive side of Huck shows us that he has agood and true heart, and the best intentions even though they may not turn outright. For example, the widow tells Huck to pray for the dinner they are having.Hucks interpretation is, God thank you for the meal and if you get the chance,please let me catch a massive catfish. The widow tells Huck that he shouldnt prayfor material things. Huck disagrees because his Sunday School teacher teacheshim to pray to God for what you want, and it will be granted. The widow tellshim that the teacher is talking about spiritual things. He still disagrees, andis sent to his room. Even though his intentions are the best, he still comes upshort but he keeps on trying.     Finally, Huckleberry Finn thinks life is precious and shouldnt bewasted. This is the most important lesson he can teach todays young people. Heand Jim find themselves in a situation as they are floating down theMississippi River in the fog.

“Dialogue with Trypho” by Justin Martyr Essay

In his work Dialogue with Trypho Justin Martyr in a form of a dialogue presents the views quite contrary to what it is unremarkably taught. A well-kn bear idea of Jews being the chosen republic favored by god is rejected. Justin Martyr is trying to find logic underneath immortals wrath, and his line of argumentation, based on analysis of the Old Testament, does emphasize the idea that Jews were punished by Mosaic rules for improper behavior. Jews are the chosen nation not because God likes them, but rather because they have to be punished for disobedience.The starting point of Martyrs analysis is the presupposition that God is the only some(prenominal) for Judaism and saviorianity- God is eternal, who created and formed the universe. The second presupposition necessary for his line of argumentation is that God has foreknowledge of future events, however God doesnt prepare onward what everyone deserves. I find a contradiction in this interpretation of God, since if God partici pates in human life, He performs some actions, and being able to forecast the events He knows ahead what He go out do, since the events on earth are directly influenced by his actions, therefore God, being the just one, has to prepare what we deserve, because if not then God is unjust and performs spontaneous actions, God is capricious a feature usually attributed to God by Muslims, but denied by Christians.So, either God is just and sprightly in human life, then our life is pre-determined, and the whole argumentation of Martyr falls to pieces, or God is unjust, capricious this doesnt go together with the frame of God in Christianity, or God doesnt know the future, but acts justly in the current situation then we are responsibly for own actions, and only in this case Jews can be punished by God with laws, mandatory customs, and sacrifices. Even though Martyr gives a divergent definition to God which I find illogical with his line of argumentation he goes on discussing sin s committed by Jews in front of Gods face for which they consequently were punished by Him.The greatest sin of Jews is that they murdered the Just One, Jesus Christ, they violated the Law not once, but comprehend to do so have persecuted Christ in the past and still do, and do not repent. The existently chosen nation is the followers of Christ saved by faith alone who dont have tofollow all the traditions (Sabbath day, circumcision, limits in food), as these customs are imposed on Jews only for their sins and hardness of heart. I would like to stress the logic of Martyr underneath the idea of irrelevance of circumcision for a true Christian. Martyr gives two arguments to install that circumcision was given to mark you (Jews) off for the suffering. The first point is that God what not have created Adam uncircumcised if circumcision would be necessary for salvation, however God created us imperfect in order to be able to choose between right and wrong so that we would experience genuine love to God and would be able to act according to our will.In such way, circumcision can be just another step, payment or a way to show genuine love to God, lack of circumcision can be one of those imperfect signs in Adam and Eve as means to achieve holiness and find recreation with God, a painful stage one has to pass. The second argument of Martyr is the item that females cannot receive circumcision of the flesh shows that circumcision was given as a sign, not as an act of justification and at the same time women have the capability of performing every good and righteous act, so Martyrs idea is that if women cannot be circumcised they cannot receive salvation, which they actually do receive. However, since women evenly can be forgiven, they are also equally guilty, then why is it that God punishes by circumcision only Judaic men, but women stay uncircumcised? In such was, if God according to Martyr has to equally distribute salvation to both men and women, he also has to equally distribute punishment being just be definition, however in case of only Jewish men, but not women, being circumcised, God doesnt do that. These two arguments of Martyr dont prove anything.Martyr goes even further then this stating that the Jewish scriptures belong to Christians, but not to Jews. He presents events in the OT in a different shade, being symbolic for Gentiles and predicting the coming of Jesus Christ. The mystery of the lamb which God ordered you to sacrifice as the Passover was really a type of Christ, prophet Moses remained until evening in the form of the cross happened in the likeness of this sign. These explanations of parts of the OT purposively provide additional maintain to Gentiles being favored by God rather then Jews, however OT scriptures were written over a vast period of time, combined in a stranger manner having 4 J, P, DH, E sources.And every source brought additional changes to the scripture adjusting the text to those currently in force, East and West, and Aaronic and Mosaic priesthood. There exists a view, that prophecy about coming of Jesus were added only after the coming of Christ and the fact that the majority werent well educated only contributes to the fact that using this understanding of Bible as a support is more then relative and has to have a deeper argumentation. Moreover, there are a view of references in the Bible, where it is directly stated, that the scriptures belongs to Jews, that they are the chosen nation and that God will protect them throughout their life-time and the life-time of their descendants.Martyr presents guidance for life to Jews through explanation of who, in his opinion, would be saved. Martyr says that a Jew could hold up to the rules given in the OT, but still every Jew has to accept Christ as a savior, through faith, however he denies that the OT laws are actually necessary even for a Jew. In such way, Martyr doesnt give a solution of the problem, as he neither rejects, nor acc epts the OT, he cannot give a definite answer on what actually should be changed in traditions of a Jew, as he neither bold enough to deny the scripture, nor bold enough to re-affirm it.Generally, Dialogue with Trypho by Justin Martyr is an interesting work because of its uncommon world view, however it is written in a kind of free style without the argumentation being presented from the opposite side. It is useful to read, but I just cannot agree with his views, as all of his positions will hardly stand up to strong contra-argumentation. Frankly speaking, I doubt that a person will ever manage to figure out the cerebrate of God, who had chosen the Jews either for punishment or praise, because this is what Martyr is attempting to do rationally prove and explain the motives of God for the punishment of Jews, which is impossible.

Atheism vs Theism Essay

The problem Atheists book with Theists and the premise of God, a Being who is all good, omniscient, omnipotent and eternal, is that they think that since erudition and the area throw out non prove that much(prenominal) a being pull throughs and since animateness seems to sustain itself without whatsoever external help, then this Being probably does not exists nor cannister this Being ever be be to exist.This method of thinking stems directly from a belief, not that intuition is god, barely more that mankindkind is a self-sufficient, self-reliant being on with the philosophical system of philistinism and evolution which denies the possibility of soul or the imhooey. This resulted in the hijacking of science to prove what materialists already believed, that everything is relative and truth exists exactly if it can be proven by science. This is, as a materialist already knows, an issue that can moreover relate to the corporeal.The remainder that occurs is many thei sts belief that in that location is a truth and it can be known by reason which includes science but also can be discovered using every aspect of the human person. This includes the un landed estately, corporeal, and heretofore the emotive aspect of the man. The another debate in this issue pits the clinging to classical thought by the theists against claim that classical thought is unsubstantiated, old fashioned and that only modern thought is relevant because it is the most go alongive.So there seems to be an intrinsic impossibility for a materialist unbelieving to believe in God because it is diametrically opposed to the dogmatic belief in science, materialism, and man as a creature of nature not of the immaterial. The Atheists beliefs The agnostics core beliefs have already been brought to attention but in order for a complete tilt to take place, a simple over locating is not sufficient, so a more in depth synopsis is needed to better down the stairsstand this ideologi cal battle.To be fair to atheists, there is a diversity of ideas and beliefs why God cannot exist. Some of these reasons bottomland this belief can be simple and unfounded arguments or elaborate systems which argue God out of the picture. While it would be easy to discredit and disprove the simple arguments, such as I beginnert see Gods involvement in the arena and it seems desire the world components on its own, therefore, God doesnt exist, there are plenty of arguments that have shown this type of thinking as shallow and wrong.The more significant arguments are the views of atheism include a mechanical view of the world along with a materialist understanding of the operations of the world. This is the view, according to Edward Feser, that most serious atheists hold and is responsible for the understanding that God does not exist in the world, that the world is self sufficient and that man is simple a creature of evolution. Of course what follows from this belief is the unde rstanding that man is not bound to anything spiritual or moral since there is no such thing as morals since that entails approximatelything immaterial.They believe instead that piety is either a construct of the mind, which is influenced by Kant, or that holiness is the conditioning of the culture to make man feel guilty, which is influenced by Nietzsche. Feser intimates to the origin of this mode of thinking, explaining that it stems from the removal of the pro forma and terminal cause of things of Aristotles vivid science in which all things have a material, efficient, established and final cause. When the formal and final cause is removed then people dont have a final end other than survival nor does anything have a nature or is there a correct form.What this does is it removes the immensity of religion. When there is no afterlife or decide of a person to be moral then there is no need for God or religion. Feser also claims that once formal and final causes were removed , and then it paved the way to materialism, which, if there is a formal or final cause of things, is the only middling understanding of the world. Materialism is the belief that everything can be reduced to their material function and there is nil outside of experimental evidence. There means there is no soul or spiritual aspect of a human person.People are given the impression that science can explain everything, but Feser explains that For the reason science has explained almost everything other than the mind is precisely because everything that doesnt fit the mechanistic model has been swept under the rug of the mind, treated as a mere projection. The very essence of todays atheism is that the world can be explained and if there is something that cannot be explained then they say that science will explain it after we have a better understanding of the object in question.This belief that science can and will explain everything is held so strongly that atheists become as Feser describes them, the very thing they argue against namely, dogmatic and irrational. This is a result of the belief that there is no truth. Science, although it has improved the quality of life and has led to many discoveries, is to blame for a particular mentality that is felt all over the world, that of progress. Along with thinkers like Hegel, who believe that all of history is progress and that everything has been leading up to our point in time today, the mentality indoors science is that progress is always good.This is another assumption held by atheists in that they believe that science is progress and if there is progress then the time this progress was a lesser time and held views that were lesser and imperfect. So from this understanding, Christianity and religion in popular is old fashioned and wrong, while science is compensate and the only truth that is, if there can all the same be truth. It is science that focuses on the efficient and material causes of things. In o ther words, it is science that ignores formal or final causes. Because of this belief it makes the place of religion irrelevant.Materialist atheists use science, the study of material objects with their molecular makeup and the like and use what we have discovered by means of science to explain questions of metaphysical nature. Feser explains that empirical science of its very nature cannot give us the good story about these matters but metaphysics just is the rational investigation if them. Also on the same topic of the separation between religion and science, Stephen Jay Gould explains that the net of science covers the empirical realm what he universe is made of and why does it work this way.The net of religion extends over question of moral meaning and value. (Gould p. 522) A conflict has occurred until now because as was mentioned previously, when the final and formal cause is removed, then the natures of things dont exist but so does pattern and without purpose then going beyond the what is impossible. Atheists hold central to their beliefs that there is nothing beyond this world and that all operations of the world are contained within it.Richard Dawkins believes quite a that our morality has been changing and that the Old Testament God is will not be adopted as a literal role model by anybody you or I would wish to know. He means that social norms have been changing and that our morality can be explained through science of culture and society, not dependent on God or scripture. Dawkins continues saying that other aspects of the Christian religion are in conflict with science.He claims that the assumption of the Virgin bloody shame into heaven is false and assumes that heaven is a physical reality how else could the physical body of a woman go there? Dawkins brings this up to make the point that everything is under the realm of science he level off goes as far as to say that the sudden injection if an immortal soul in the time-line is an anti-e volutionary onslaught into the domain of science. Dawkins point is that there is not a separation of religion and science metaphysical claims are nonetheless under the claims of science. In the case of the mind, Dawkins and others believe it can be explained. And even though there is religion, it is a simple social construct to control the ignorant.Their truth is that science can explain everything even prove that a metaphysical world cannot exist. The Theists Side The theists fall back on something a little different, tradition. Now contrary to atheists beliefs, theism does use reason to justify keep God in the discussion but also to keep other metaphysical claims. Christianity has an understanding that the world is a transitory with God as its creator. From an understanding that God is creator, it is reasonable to expect everything in nature to abide by a law, to be enjoin and have the ability to be understood.Also from the tradition of the philosophers of history, this belief has been thought over and many rational arguments have been made in favor of theism. These arguments even came from antiquity. Plato and Aristotle gave many arguments defending the immaterial. Both philosophers believed that the soul was immaterial and that all life had a soul or quite, the soul was the life giving principle. Now along with the idea of the soul, Aristotle provides an in depth account of the four causes mentioned earlier, namely material, efficient, formal, and final.This encompasses all aspects of substances. This provided a very thorough description of life. From the four causes, it gave reason to the nature of things and that there is a definite correct way of acting for any particular thing. So with the four causes, especially the formal and final cause, man now has a purpose and a proper way of acting. In other words, man then must have a morality it must adhere to. This morality has been lived out by people before philosophy influenced people it is pre-science and therefore more natural to man.The fact that it is backed up by metaphysical observations only strengthens the argument for theists. Natural science, the understanding of the natural world is something lost upon atheists. It is essential to the proper understanding of this life to understand that there are, in fact, natures. As Feser puts it, allow in formal and final causes into the world and at once you are stuck with God, the soul, and natural law. This natural law is also vital to an understanding of life on earth as well as an understanding of the human person.While atheists struggle with an understanding of how the mind works (not the brain), have a very weak argument for morality, and have no argument for why anyone should have rights or respect shown to anyone, the theists however, have strong, well founded arguments for these very things which come natural to everyone. A theist understands natural law as participating in eternal law, this gives natural law authority. It is something which all men must abide by. Natural law is the respect and self-regard which all men are due. It is what assures man that he shouldnt kill one another.Robert Adams even uses this principle of the morality from natural law as a proof of Gods globe he claims that the moral rightness and wrongness consist in agreement and disagreement, respectively, with the will or commands of a agreeable God. There are many laws within natural law that when broken are recognized as going against natural order, granting men the authority under God to rebel against whomever or whatever threatens to take away the privileges given by natural law. It is how we understand concepts of justice.This follows from the fact that God is just and any noncompliance of this law is seen as unjust. God is the foundation of morality natural law is the foundation of morality. Along with natural law, the theists also are able to give a better account of the mind. It is held that the mind is immateria l it is directly tied to the soul. When the body dies, the soul continues on and we retain our mind because we retain rationality in the afterlife. In the same way Aristotle believed that the soul is the life giving aspect to all creatures and plants, so the human soul is also responsible for the mind and the intellect.Otherwise if the materialist view was to be needed, we would have a similar thought process to any other intelligent creature without rationality. The mind is also responsible for the specific function of contemplation. No animal, even with a larger, more advanced brain would ever be able to understand concepts such as justice, peace, and generosity, it must be associate to the form that humans have and the soul which humans have been given. This goes so beyond any physical aspect of our bodies that to confine the mind to ability within the brain seems foolish.Even the ability to learn concepts is a mystery. J. J. Haldane provides an analysis of the topic and explai ns that some concepts, especially early on, must be taught. Someone must have taught concepts to people. The example he gives is the example of a cat. One might see a cat and understand the concept of cat, but what if one had never seen a cat? It would be necessary to explain the concept of cat to that person, after which the person would be able to recognize a cat if he byword one. The same applies to all concepts.Now the tricky part is, if evolution is taken back to the origin of man or even if God created man, then how did man learn all of these concepts? Haldanes solution to the question is that God must have been responsible, regardless of whether evolution is responsible for man or not. The reasoning behind this is that God must have taught the 1st man all these concepts which he could then pass down to his children. While this explanation requires an open mindedness of the listener, it is very credible and would account for many of the questions that atheists still deal wit h today.So Whos Right? So while some might claim that there isnt even a right answer and that choosing to be an atheist or theist is just personal preference. However, according to the theists, there is truth and there is a right answer. As for atheists, while some of their positions were explained, they still have gaps within their arguments. When confronted with these gaps, it seems that atheists are unable to provide an answer other than resorting to science which asks how and why, but not that something is. As mentioned earlier, there is the question of morality and why people act as they do.Even Atheists believe in some sort of morality even they do not wish to call it by its name. Feser cleverly points out that An atheist or naturalist can believe in morality that is a mental fact but he cannot have a rational justification for his belief that is a philosophical fact. It is impossible to limit the natural drive for morality in people.Again, where morality was concerned, K ants aim was to show that there is just something in the nature of reason itself that requires that we be moral. This seems oolish to believe that something material explains something as confused as human emotions and the free will to do good or bad and the consequences it has on the person itself. Feser points out that the understanding of modern atheists of morality is a conditioning itself, all of modern philosophy tries to prove that everything can be contained by science, even the topic of morality. He is convinced that this is due to a rejection of formal and final causes. He explains that the bottom line is that by abandoning formal and final causes, modern philosophy necessarily denied itself any objective basis for morality.This points to how modern philosophy has gotten to this point and it is simply that modern philosophers have ignored the question of whether there are formal and final causes and have considered the topic as irrelevant. What this means however that Fi rst, the modern mechanistic understanding of the natural world has led to problems, paradoxes, and absurdities that are far more egregious than anything the scholastics were ever accused of. Second, Aristotelian formal and final causes are simply unavoidable if we are to make sense of modern science and reason themselves.Now as has been shown, theists hold on the Aristotelian views of formal and final causes not only does it make sense, but it provides a foundation for a host of other arguments. These arguments cannot be explained away by science, Feser points out why, which is because empirical science of its very nature cannot give us the full story about these matters but metaphysics just is the rational investigation of them. to make a farther point, as has been suggested, it seems that an atheists account of the mind is also insufficient as it is a series of poor and confusing arguments which try to prove the existence of mind within a person.Feser claims that the reason for t he misunderstanding of the mind by atheists is that it is the denial of final causes that most clearly poses an absolutely insurmountable obstacle to any attempt to explain the mind in purely material terms. What this means is that with this understanding of purpose for the human person beyond survival, then there is new-sprung(prenominal) meaning to a persons life and that each person should and ought to work to fulfill this purpose. If not, then it is impossible to explain the mind sufficiently. The reason for intellect, the purpose of the mind, is contemplation but also to use reason to become virtuous.Once morality is believed to exist, then it follows that morality should be followed but the only way to do that is to form habits of virtue, which is only possible through the mind. It also hints at the soul, which is also taken to exist in that it is the principle of life but more specifically, nothing corporeal could be the principle of life or every body would be a living thi ng. More specifically, Aquinas explains that since the intellect has an operation apart from the body per se then we must conclude, therefore, that thehuman soul, which is called theintellector themind, is something incorporeal and subsistent.So according to Feser, the only way to solve this problem that the atheists have of the mind, is to return to the Aristotelian Thomistic conception of the soul as the form of the body, having certain immaterial operations but nevertheless interacting with the material world as formal rather than efficient cause. Feser also hints at there being a need to be intellectually honest about some of these arguments.Since many Atheists have ignored the arguments or Aristotle and Aquinas, Feser has been calling for them to actually refute them and that instead of wanting something to be true and trying to argue for it, to instead accept truth as an objective reality and something to be sought after. The point that Feser wants to make is not to determi ne whether this project was good or bad, but rather to emphasize that to a very great extent it was a desire to further the project, and not an actual refutation of Aristotle, that moved modern thinkers away from his metaphysics.The agenda determined the arguments rather than the other way around. This is ultimately the solution to the question to atheism because it seems as though Atheism is artificial, Denys Turner implies that atheism has to be worked at or practiced in his article How to be an Atheist. It is the mentality of trying to convince others that your reality is truth instead of being receptive to truth as the classical and medieval philosophers were.

Violence and Tragedy in Romeo and Juliet

Violence in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet there atomic number 18 many scenes of spectacular raillery throughout the play. The dramatic irony in the play adds scruple because you hunch forward something the other characters in the play does not whop. This play if filled with many examples of dramatic irony and that creates scruple in the plotline. The first example of dramatic irony in the play is when a Capulet servant was sent my Lord and Lady Capulet to invite guests to their party.At the same succession Romeo and his full cousin Benvolio are standing in the streets and the servant comes up to them because he cannot read and asks them to read the names on the list. In return the servant says without delay Ill tell you without asking. My master is the great rich Capulet, and if you be not of the house of Montagues, I pray come and crush a cup of wine. domiciliate you merry (Shakespeare 11, 82-84) this is a prime example of dramatic iron y because the servant does not know that Romeo and Benvolio are Montagues but the audience does.This creates suspense because the audience is nervous about what is going to happen at the party. Another great example of dramatic irony is when Tybalt has challenged Romeo to a duel because he disgraced the Capulet name, and Romeo does not want to fight him. The reason Romeo does not want to fight is because he and Juliet just got married which means that him and Tybalt are now related. Romeo tries to stop him from fighting by telling him that he love thee better than thou canst devise, till thou shalt know the reason of my love (Shakespeare 11, 70-71).Tybalt does not know that Romeo is married to his cousin so he does not realize why Romeo is trying to reason with him and tell him he loves him. This is yet another example of how the dramatic irony adds suspense the audience is waiting to see how the duel will play out and to see how Romeo will handle this situation. The third and fin al example of dramatic irony in the play is when Lady and Lord Capulet have decided to allow Count Paris to marry their daughter Juliet.She says Marry my child, early next thorium morn, the gallant, young, and noble gentlemen, The County Paris, at Saint Peters Church. (Shakespeare 35 112-114) This would be great, but Romeo and Juliet have just gotten married, secretly at that. Nobody in Juliets family know about their marriage except for Nurse, which means that she has to decide if she is going to marry Paris and leave Romeo, or she could run off with Romeo.The dramatic irony in this scene play an important role in creating suspense in the fact that the audience want to know what will happen next, they want to know what Juliet will do or will she chose Paris over Romeo. As stated earlier The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet is filled with dramatic irony and here are just some of the many examples that give the play great suspense and make it an ancient classic. The suspense in this play is important to creating much suspense making it a great play.

Impossibility of Certainty in Hamlet

The Impossibility of Certainty in crossroads Doubt is that state of mind where the asker faces no single answer nor the lack of unmatched, but rather a choice between a pair of alternatives. Harry Levin in The Question of critical point It is appropriate that William Shakespe bes hamlet is regarded as the Bards greatest dramatic enigma, for misunderstanding is the unavoidable condition of settlements quest for certainties. non entirely is Hamlet bewildered by puzzling visions and by commands seemingly incapable of fulfillment, but he is also the victim of misinterpretation by those approximately him.The dying Hamlet urges the honest Horatio to report me and my cause aright To the unsatisfied, because none of the characters except for Horatio have caught more than a glimpse of Hamlets true situation (V. ii. 371-372). We as an observing audience, hearing the inner thoughts and secret plots of almost every signifi smoket character, should remember that we know vastly more than the runaways characters. In Hamlet, we cannot pretend that we are unaware of what happens next or how it all roll in the hays outessay writer prank. This is Shakespeares richest source of dramatic irony.However, the characters are faced with rival options to revenge or not to revenge, whether a Ghost comes from heaven or from hell. It is this doubt, this hesitancy in the face of two possibilities, that is central to Hamlet at every level. Hamlet is a see of misunderstanding and impediment. Its central theme is the elusiveness of knowledge and certainty. From the very first scene, the play establishes uncertainness through the question dialogue between Barnado, Francisco, Marcellus, and Horatio Barnardo Whos there? Francisco Nay, answer me. Stand and unfold yourself Barnardo Say, what, is Horatio there? Horatio A piece of him. (I. i. 1-24) Having established a mood of fear and uncertainty, the ghost of the Ghost causes Horatio to declare It harrows me with fear and wonder (I. i. 51). This antithetical placement of words heightens the paranormal and eerie setting of the play. The portentous Ghost acts as an omen for what is to come (I. i. 121). The seemingly extravagant monologue where Claudius appeals to his subjects to accept the validity of his marriage to Gertrude hints that the new King is putting on a facade.Read more about outstanding CriticismClaudius uses many oxymoronic phrases to try and reconcile the death of Old Hamlet and Claudius subsequent marriage to Gertrude such as, With mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage (I. ii. 12). This rhythmically balanced but significantly dissonant sentence serves to highlight that there is something suspect and Rotten in the state of Denmark. Claudius further enforces the idea that nothing can really be trusted. Similarly, the relationship between the actions and internal thought processes of human beings is evident in the scheming Polonius.Polonius is also a man with little rectitude capable of great deceit. He tells his son Laertes, To thine own self be true (I. iii. 84). But later Polonius enlists Reynaldo to spy on his son, stating, Your bait of falsehood abridge this Carp of truth (II. i. 70). This metaphor and the oxymoronic placement of falsehood and truth exemplify the presence of duality in the play. He dismisses Reynaldo saying, You have me, Have you not? (II. i. 75). The uncertainty and lack of trust within the play is reflected in the chiastic syntax of this sentence.Polonius is distrusting of his own servant. The allusions to ancient Greece and Rome throughout Hamlet further support the ideas of duality and deception. Hamlet, in a simile, compares his father to Claudius like Hyperion to a Satyr (I. ii. 144). Hamlet later has the Players recite lines referring to the ominous horse of Troy (II. ii. 479). Polonius makes a reference to Brutus betrayal of Julius Caesar (III. ii. 109-110). completely three of these references contribute to the duality and deception ev ident in the play.A Satyr is only half a man, the Trojan horse is heralded as one of the most treacherous and deceitful agency of conquest, and Julius Caesar is murdered by people he thought were loyal to him. David Bevington notes in his commentary on Hamlet that the shit Claudius stems from two words. The first is the verb claudo, meaning to imprison. The second is the adjective claudus, meaning disabled, wavering, or uncertain (Bevington). It goes without saying that a character whose name literally means uncertain highlights the theme of doubt that is apparent through the whole play.The arrival of the Players and their presentation of The Murder of Gonzago in Act 3 also demonstrate trickery within the text. Hamlet modifies the play within a play to have it reflect the murder of his father. This dramatic device conjures up the notion of appearance versus reality. The duality of Claudius, Polonius, and Hamlet demonstrate the lack of certainty and absolute truth within the play. The perpetual search for meaning and questioning of the established order within the play reflects the unattainability of truth and certainty in greater society.Hamlets numerous soliloquies of self-questioning and self-loathing paint an image of a man overcome by excruciating self-observation. Morris Weitz notes that Hamlets speeches show signs of existentialism (How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable seem to me all the uses of this world, I. ii. 137-138), relativism (For there is nothing good nor but, but thinking makes it so, I. ii. 268-270), and moral subjectivism ( inhumane mole of naturein their birthwherinthey are not guilty since nature cannot choose his origin, I. iv. 27-29).Although the Greek Sophists had dabbled in these concepts, and Socrates had once said, The only thing I know is that I know nothing, this questioning of the societal and philosophical norms of the quantify was revolutionary and unparalleled (Weitz). The King at the time of Hamlets publication was Jame s I, who had affirmed the Divine Right of Kings to rule. At a time when the sovereignty of the Monarchy reigned supreme, Hamlets questioning of the afterlife, (To be, or not to bewhat dreams may come, III. i. 64-74), lamentation at the inequality n the world (Th Oppressorthat patient merit of the unworthy takes, III. i. 79-82), and rejection of the superiority of Monarchs (Our monarchs and outstretched heroes the beggars shadows, II. ii. 282-283), is a testament to the elusiveness of certainty and truth in the play. The themes of duality and deceit and the search for meaning and order are central to the essential message of Hamlet that certainty is unattainable. This duality makes up the entire structure of Hamlet, proving that, A double blessing truly is a double grace (I. iii. 58). Works Cited Bevington, David M. Introduction.Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet a Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1968. 1-12. Print. Levin, Harry. Interrogat ion, Doubt, Irony Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis. The Question of Hamlet. New York Oxford UP, 1959. 48+. Print. Weitz, Morris. Introduction. Hamlet and the Philosophy of Literary Criticism. Chicago University of Chicago, 1964. Vii-Xiii. Print. Bibliography Bevington, David M. Introduction. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet a Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1968. 1-12. Print. Levin, Harry. Interrogation, Doubt, Irony Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis. The Question of Hamlet. New York Oxford UP, 1959. 48+. Print. Weitz, Morris. Hamlet Philosophy the Intruder. Shakespeare, Philosophy, and Literature Essays. Ed. Morris Weitz and Margaret Collins. New Studies in Aesthetics 10. New York Lang, 1995. 17-33 Weitz, Morris. Introduction. Hamlet and the Philosophy of Literary Criticism. Chicago University of Chicago, 1964. Vii-Xiii. Print. West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. By Don Nardo. San Di ego, CA Greenhaven, 1999. 106-11. Print.

Acupuncture as a nonconventional chronic neck pain treatment Essay

acupuncture as a nonconventional inveterate make do disquiet interventionIntroductionAbstract Chronic know opening hurting is an ailment that is characterized by pain in the bang that lasts for a period of more(prenominal) than three months. It is usually unlike from common medical conditions of sleep with nisus that last for solitary(prenominal) days. In most occasions, degenerative contend pain is an ailment that may even take days without achievement in its encompassment, sort outicularly in the mainstream medical utilisations. Research submit that degenerative write out pain is usually associated with a come of disorders, as headspring as diseases that end involve any of the tissues around the have intercourse. The subject bea was carried out to fully analyze the takeuality of stylostixis in the reduction of chronic get by pain, and also to look whether the possible make putd to the therapy argon unyielding lasting. The data employ in this stu dy was collected with contract procedures to ensure credibility of the results in wishing to the use of stylostixis in wellness care to provide a remedy for chronic tell apart opening pain in both ill-considered and long term basis. Using a well-structured methodology to guide the research long-sufferings were carefully analyzed in regard to the various methods of stylostixis to determine the respective authority of each method. Further, a thorough analysis of the data collected is subsequently discussed showcasing the viability of the medical selection. Lastly, recommendations for further research of stylostixis as an ideal give-and-take for individuals with chronic pain of the make out is well provided in this paper.See more Social process essay Research indicate that acupuncture as a recognised nonconventional alternative for chronic neck pain that is increasingly becoming popular across the world. Acupuncture therapy is among world widely known health care procedure s that is used to treat over 30 health conditions and diseases, with a major emphasize of relieving pain to different ailments. One of the main uses of acupuncture is to exempt pain, then it is iodin of effective remedies for chronic neck pains. Research has for a long time hinted on the benefits of acupuncture for relief of chronic neck pain, as well as other body pains such as chronic shoulder pain, migraines and osteoarthritis among others(Blossfeldt 2004, p. 146). Researchers have provided data from over 30 high quality studies involving more than 18,000 patients with different chronic pains. As a nonconventional remedy for different pains, acupuncture is usually used in different methods, providing flexibility in its treatment procedures, as well as a provider of choice for patients who opt to use acupuncture as a remedy for chronic neck pain(Salter et al, 2004, p 10). Further, researchers assert that although acupuncture is increasingly being used for various conditions i ncluding chronic neck pain treatment, the evidence of its effectiveness remains inconclusive. This indicates that there is a lead for a further well designed research. With the use of a variety of methods or options on the use of acupuncture to relieve pain, there is also a need to establish the key features required for the design, as well as implementation of larger scale trial on acupuncture for neck pain. Acupuncture is believed to diminish pain by enhancing the release of the chemicals responsible for cylinder block pain, commonly referred to as endorphins(Liang et al, 2010, p. 8). Most of the acu- transports are usually assemble near the nerves. In this regard, when stimulated, the nerves do a dull ache, a feeling of fullness in the patients muscle. The stimulated muscle then sends a mess mature to central dying(p) system subsequently causing a release of endorphins. These are of the essence(p) elements in the human body that are automatically released to modify the ne rve impulses, hence reducing or nullifying the effect of pain to the patient.The endorphins together with other neurotransmitters subsequently block the message of pain from being taken up to the brain, hence a relief to the patient(Blossfeldt 2004, p. 146). Acupuncture may be used as a reliable treatment for chronic neck,and therefore, should be included as a part of an extensive and comprehensive pain management programs for relieving pain in patients. The cooking stove of this paper is to ascertain the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic neck pain. The paper seeks to understand the role played by the various methods of acupuncture that are used to relieve pain for patients ailing from neck pains. Shallow, Sham and randomise acupuncture therapies are well explained in regard to their role in relieving pain. Lastly, the main purpose of this study is to establish the use of acupuncture in individuals with chronic pain of the neck. The paper focuses to establi sh the effectiveness of three acupuncture therapies used as alternative medical conventions to relieve pain. Additionally, the study proposes to explain both the short term and long term effects of acupuncture therapies in the treatment of chronic neck pain.To establish the viability of acupuncture therapies in the treatment of chronic neck pain.To understand how sham, shallow and randomized acupuncture therapies are utilized in the treatment of chronic neck pain.To provide a conclusive evidence of the success of acupuncture as an ideal method of relieving pain.To establish the effects of the three acupuncture therapies in the treatment of individuals with chronic pain of the neck.To offer recommendation of the viability of acupuncture as a treatment option that bay window be used by people with chronic neck pains.Basic approach to acupuncture as a nonconventional chronic neck pain treatment The use of acupuncture as an alternative chronic neck pain treatment is based on the medica l grounds of the item elements responsible for alienating pain or sending messages of pain to the brain. The study of acupuncture is based on the thought that decline or alienation of pain can be enhanced by releasing the chemicals responsible for blocking pain, referred to as endorphins. Most of the acu-points are usually found near the nerves(Liang et al, 2012, p. 8). The approach of this study is based on the understanding that, when stimulated, the nerves cause a dull ache, a feeling of fullness in the patients muscle. The stimulated muscle then sends a message to central nervous system subsequently causing a release of endorphins. These are crucial elements in the human body that are automatically released to modify the nerve impulses hence reducing or nullifying the effect of pain to the patient(Willich et al, 2006, p. 98). The endorphins, as well as other neurotransmitters, subsequently block the message of pain from being taken up to the brain, hence a relief to the patie nt. The findings of this study will pin point out how the alienation of pain is conversely connected to the various elements thought to treat people suffering from chronic neck pains.Basic Background breeding Acupuncture used in the modern day alternative treatment for pain is a branch of a tralatitious Chinese medicine practice. It is a practice that has historically been tired, and equally tested as a health care practice that has in practice for thousands of years, particularly in China and randomness East Asia. For centuries, acupuncture has been gradually developed, tested and researched, as well as refined over many centuries giving out a complex, and rather slender understanding of the energetic balance of the human body. The first known record of Chinese Medicine was a book, the classic of Internal Medicine of Yellow Emperor, which dates rearwards to between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD(Sun et al, 2009, p. 850). It is essential to acknowledge that all the styles of acupuncture found in the modern day health care practices trace their roots to this particular text. Without the help of the modern day scientific equipment, scholars from the Ancient China discovered many aspects of biomedical science, like the effect of emotional stress on an individuals immune system. The traditional acupuncturists were non less scientific or sophisticated that it is the case with the western clinicians with their understanding of the functioning of the body, although the contemporary acupunctural practices depict that of the culture and historic origin of the Chinese medicine. The traditional Chinese medicine has vividly remained in the shadow of the western medicine, until a certain period between 1934 and 1935, where the without drugs sick and wounded faced death. It was the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine, which generally used acupuncture and other several traditional treatment methods(Witt 2004, p. 99). From this point, the tradition al and western medicines started to be practicing side to side in China. In the contemporary, the practice has gained popularity across different region of the world. More people with chronic pains, where it is primarily being used to treat such case, as it with the alienation chronic neck pain.MethodsPopulation The research data collected in this study focused on patients suffering from chronic neck pain. The individuals used in the research fell within the age of 21 and 55 years old. Although there are many patients who report about neck pain ailments in different health care facilities across the join States, patients with the age of 21 and 55 years old were ideal for a research. This is cod to the fact that they are easier to track their progress of healing over a longer period of time. of age(p) patients over the age of 55 years are not best placed in this research considering the various attributes in the healing processes of such people, which is turn out to be relatively lower. Most of the data about individuals with chronic pain of the necks was randomly collected in health care facilities in the State of California, United States. The majority of these patients was diagnosed with chronic neck pain and were put under a special focus while three acupuncture methods of therapies were performed(Witt 2004, p. 99). The study generally affect a thorough investigation of 191 patients in Californias health care. It is important to acknowledge that the various patients were deliberately initiated to acupuncture treatment as their conclusion to try the alternative medical practice after allegedly failed treatments in the mainstream medical procedures. There were certainly no limitation on the sex of the patients, hence the research involved both male and female patients. Additionally, there were no specified number of male or females in the study, as patients, as treatment and progress of treatment of patients was randomly taken. Further, it was assumed t hat both male and female patients presented similar responses to the different acupuncture therapies performed in the study(Sun et al, 2009, p. 850). The research was also not peculiar(a) by either ethnicity or race, although believed to have different characteristics in regard to various medical procedures.Variable and Delimitations The dependent variables in this study included the neck pain as an ailment caused by various aspects such as physical disfigurement and disease or condition among others. The rates of cases involving chronic neck pains during the period of this study was generally unprecedented as the causes of such ailments greatly varied. Chronic neck pain among the patients varied in regard to the specific causes, which in this case included degenerative disc disease, neck injury, neck strain, herniated disc as well as nasal neck(Sun et al, 2009, p. 850). The first step in the treatment procedure involved a thorough diagnosis of common neck transmittings that cau sed the chronic pain. The key delimitations were based on neck pain due to common infection like computer virus infection of the neck and lymph nope swelling, as well as other infections such as tuberculosis of the neck, meningitis, and infection of back bones around the neck.The different patients involved in this study had chronic neck pains attributed to extremely different causes, which included physical injuries, some old infections, and virus infections among others(Witt 2004, p. 99). The patients with this problem are generally taken through the three acupuncture therapies, regardless of the cause of their condition(Hush 2004, p. 1533). The fact that all patients are uniformly taken into similar medical procedures without being categorized in relation to their specific cause of chronic neck pain remain as the greatest delimitating attribute of this research.Search Criteria The key terms I commonly used while searching for the relevant articles included chronic neck pain, ce rvical pain types of acupuncture, alternative medicine, sham acupuncture, Shallow acupuncture and randomized acupuncture. Short statements were also useful in searching for relevant information about the use of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic pain. These statements included Alternative treatment of chronic pain, use of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic neck pain, and the acupuncture methods used in the treatment of chronic neck pain(Witt 2004, p. 99). I thoroughly searched in various databases for article that provided information for patients suffering from chronic neck pains, specifically those individuals between the age of 21 and 55 years old. I further categorized the data collected to form two groups of patients of the age bracket of 21 and 34 years and those between 35 and 55 years old. The creation of these two groups was essential as taking a wider range of people of ages 21 to 55 years old would present relatively a higher deviation in the healing processes o f the patients, as those above the age of 35 years present a much longer period of healing as compared to the youthful 21 to 34 years group. I also focused my research on the by-line MasterFile Premier, ALT Healthwatch, US National Library of Medicine, BioMed central.Chronic Neck Pain Chronic neck pain is an ailment that is characterized by pain in the neck that lasts for an unusually long period of time, commonly over a period of three months. Although different from the common medical conditions of neck pains that last for only days, chronic neck pain is typically an ailment that takes even years without success in its treatment in the mainstream medical practices. Chronic neck pain is usually associated with a number of disorders, as well as diseases that can involve any of the tissues around the neck(Witt 2004, p. 99). For instance, the common causes of this condition are strains of the neck, injury of the neck like a herniated disc, pinched disc, or whiplash, and degenerative disc disease. In addition, chronic neck pain is also linked to common infection like virus infection of the neck and lymph nope swelling, as well as other infections such as tuberculosis of the neck, meningitis, and infection of spine bones around the neck. close to patients also had chronic neck pains caused by extremely different causes, which include physical injuries, some rare infections, and virus infections among others. Further, chronic neck pain is also caused by certain infections like virus infection of the neck and lymph nope swelling, as well as other infections such as tuberculosis of the neck, meningitis, and infection of spine bones around the neck.Risk Factors Chronic neck pain is generally caused by numerous factors ranging from physical injury to certain infections around the neck body tissues. Since neck pain affects the muscles around the body areas of the neck, it becomes painful to move the neck as it is usually painful. The risk factors for pain usually incl ude injury from involvement in motor vehicle accidents, horse rising, contact sports and bull riding among others(De Loose, 2008, p. 475). In order to avoid or to prevent neck pains for the patients, it is always essential to consider staying away from activities may twist the neck and subsequently aggravate the already painful section of the neck(Witt 2004, p. 99). In addition, it is also wise to have activities that will enhance neck strengthening exercise, as well as neck bracing.Types of acupuncture used in the treatment of chronic neck painOptimized acupuncture therapy Optimized acupuncture therapy in the treatment of chronic neck pain involves the utilization of traditional acupuncture, which is usually followed by intradermal needle therapy, commonly referred to as INT(Hush 2004, p. 1533). The use of OAT usually consists of the use of nine acupuncture points typically selected for an optimized acupuncture therapy group on the advice and consensus of the national expert commi ttee of the OAT procedures. In this case, quartette points are subsequently located by physician intending to perform the OAT. The points selected are usually the cervical positive reactions planes found in the top and bottom of the cervical planes as well as horizontally away from the corresponding cervical vertebra(Witt 2004, p. 99). This type of acupuncture practice is highly sensitive and usually need to be performed by an individual with more than five of practice experiences.Sham acupuncture therapy Sham acupuncture therapy involves the use of skin penetrating shallow needles on the specified sham groups tender points.The tender points that are used in this method of acupuncture therapy are categorized as the key areas recommended for the acupuncture, which are the Ah Shee, also referred to as oh yes point. The points are crucial in this therapy and have to be used throughout the treatment procedure. Typically, the location of sham points is commonly defined by 25mm asquint e xtending to the standard location used for the OAT group.They include the sham point of Dazhui (GV14) 25mm, which is 25 mm vertically below the usual standard GV14, sham points of (S115) Jianzhongshu and Huatuojiaji, which is 25 mm lateral to standard S115 (Liang et al, 8).After the sham acupuncture, individuals undergoing the process or patients are do by through the use of point pressing (De Loose, 2008, p. 475).Shallow acupuncture therapyShallow acupuncture group undergoes similar procedures as the other OAT groups. However, the physicians are required to insert the needles in a vertical manner in order to reach the subcutaneous level at a specified depth of not more than 3 mm (Salter et al, 2004). Needle manipulation or any other thaumaturge is prohibited in this particular group. Ultimately, after the shallow acupuncture, the patients are additionally treated by INT through the use of a similar method as in the other OAT groups.Physiotherapy versus acupuncture Zhuang (2012) c ompares the use of acupuncture and physiotherapy in the treatment of chronic neck pain in a research that took place in China. The research involved screening of a total of 310 patients. The patients were then randomly split into two equal groups, where one group was treated using acupuncture method, while the other group received treatment through physiotherapy. The outcome of the treatment of the two procedures revealed that patients treated under acupuncture procedures had wear results in relieving neck pain, particularly after a period of three months.It is essential to acknowledge that physiotherapy is an alternative medical practice that can be used in the treatment of chronic neck pain. While acupuncture therapies generally used sterilizes needles that are usually inserted in the area around the neck depending on the type of acupuncture used, physiotherapy does not involve the use of needles. Physiotherapy utilizes several types of manipulation as well as exercise to relieve pain. The common illustration of the use of physiotherapy is the stretch, strengthen and straighten up exercise movements of the neck. adverse event and acupuncture White (2001) researched about the un comfortable events future(a) a use of acupuncture to treat patients with chronic neck pain. In his survey, which included a prospective survey of 32,000 consultations with physiotherapists and doctors, the researcher, Adrian White aimed at ascertaining the incidence of adverse events that are related to acupuncture treatment, as practiced by British doctors during that time. The research utilized data that were collected for the June of 1998 to February of 2000, from a total of 78 acupuncturists. completely the resulting significant events were 43, subsequently giving only a rate of only 14 patients of the 10,000 patients included in the data. The results of this study showed that only 0.14 percent of the patients who used acupuncture in the treatment of chronic pain experience ad verse events. All the adverse events were reported to have had cleared within the period of one hebdomad after the therapy. Similar diminishing events were characterized at a longer period, except foronly one incident that lasted for several weeks. The result derived from the data of acupuncture treatment did not report any serious adverse events. The rates can only be classified as minimal considering that it was only 14 adverse effects out of the total 10,000 patients who were analyzed with the data provided. Generally, these event rates do not give significant risk per individual patient.Physician views on acupuncture The article by Chen, L. et al., (2010), offers exclusive views on acupuncture given by various physicians. The research by Chen among other authors who contributed to the article, there study targets pile up information that addresses the role of acupuncture in the management of pain in regard to opinions of physicians who manage such conditions. The research was c onducted between 2007 and 2008 using a comprehensive e-mail to 1083 physicians who were in active acupuncture practice in the United States. Chan et al., (2010) found that the overwhelmingly majority of the responders of the survey had a positive attitude and favorable experience of the use of acupuncture as an alternative modality in the management of chronic pain. The results of the survey subsequently indicate that acupuncture is considered effective by physicians in the management of chronic neck pain.Discussion Chronic neck pain commonly occur as a result of a number of disorders, and diseases that in involve any of the tissues around the neck (Witt 2004, p. 99). The risk factors of this condition have also been linked tothe strains of the neck, injury of the neck such as the herniated disc, pinched disc, or whiplash, and degenerative disc disease. Additionally, chronic neck pain is also associated with to common infection like virus infection of the neck and lymph nope swelli ng, as well as other infections such as tuberculosis of the neck, meningitis, and infection of spine bones around the neck. Further, chronic neck pain is also found to be caused other different causes, which include physical injuries, some rare infections, and virus infections among others. Moreover, chronic neck pain is also caused by certain infections like virus infection of the neck and lymph nope swelling, as well as other infections such as tuberculosis of the neck, meningitis, and infection of spine bones around the neck. Despite the different causes of the chronic neck pain, the use of acupuncture has subsequently been showcased as an ideal alternative medical procedure towards the treatment of this condition. The research shows that the three types of acupuncture are equally ideal in providing effective treatment for neck pain. Although I extensively performed research on a wide range of databases, there are some articles that may have been missed out. Since I was individua lly conducting this research alone, it is possible that the large number of crucial articles were subsequently overlooked. In addition, there are many external factors that could have influenced the entire result of the use of acupuncture as an ideal treatment for chronic neck pain. The majority of studies slightly differs in a number of issues such as data collected, population, or any of combinations of these factors. White (2001) preciselyresearched about the adverse events following a use of acupuncture to treat patients with chronic neck pain, with an extreme number of respondents. Chen, L. et al., (2010), had a relatively smaller number of responders, and also had collection of data to be collected only through email in his research on the effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of chronic pain in the neck. These are some of the factors that were out of the scope of the research, hence determining the effectiveness of acupuncture was difficult, since the aspect of effec tiveness could easily be isolated from some external factors. The analysis of the specific information provided by the studies of the literature review of this research paper indicate that either of the three methods of acupuncture can effectively treat the chronic neck pain. The procedural practice of sham, shallow and optimized acupuncture, though different, they present similar way of performing the acupuncture therapy, equally offering effective treatment for chronic neck pain. Liang et al, (2012) asserts that the three types of acupuncture to be based on the thought that decrease or alienation of pain can be enhanced by releasing the chemicals responsible for blocking pain. Issues of age in the study have been considered as the research only focused on individuals between 21 years old and 55 years, as they are likely to have a faster period of healing as compared to adult elderly groups of more than 55 years old. Generally, the use of acupuncture is illustrated as effective as it has previously been used to treat patients with chronic neck pain. The loopholes evident in the research include the possibility of a forward knowledge in determining the differences that may emerge upon consideration for gender in the treatment program. In the entire study, there is no single report of the ratio of females against the males in finding out the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment procedures. The study focused on a general perspective of patients with chronic neck pain regardless of their respective sex or gender. The knowledge of the differences that exist between males and females could have some effects on the understanding the use of acupuncture. In addition, the paper did not focus on the causes of the various neck pain, which could also compromise the results of the study, considering that such plans are typically attributed to a wide variety of causes. Topics that can be considered for further research are establishing the element of gender in determini ng the effectiveness of acupuncture while treating chronic neck problem. The various studies illustrated in the research paper did not point out the importance of understanding differences in the healing process of male and female patients with chronic neck pain. I suggest a study be conducted with a major emphasis on the aspect of gender differences between patients in order to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment for neck pain in male and female patients. If this study is conducted, it will be possible to compare the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment between male and female patients within the same health condition of chronic neck pain.ReferencesBlossfeldt, P. (2004). Acupuncture for Chronic neck pain a cohort study in an NHS pain Clinic.22(3) 146-151. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15551941Chen, L., Houghton, M., Seefeld, L., Malarick, C. & Mao. Jianren. (2010). A Survey of SelectedPhysician Views on Acupuncture in Pain Management. 11(4), 5 30-534Salter, G.C, Roman, M., Bland, M. J & MacPherson, H. (2006). Acupuncture for chronic pain apilot for randomized controlled trial. 7(1) 3-14 . Retrieved fromhttp//www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/7/99Liang, Z. H., Di, Z., Jiang, S., Xu, S. J., Zhu, X. P., Fu, W,. & Lu, A. P. (2012). The optimizedacupuncture treatment for neck pain caused by cervical spondylosis a study protocol of amulticenter randomized controlled trial. 13(1) 2-18 . Retrieved fromhttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22776567American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. (2013). neck pain. Retrieved from http//orthoinfo.aaos.org/ outlet.cfm?topic=a00231Chen, L., Houghton, M., Seefeld, L., Malarick, C., & Mao, J. (2010). a survey of selected physician views on acupuncture in pain management. Pain Medicine, 11(4), 530-534. Retrieved from SPORTDiscus.De Loose, V., Burnotte, F., Cagnie, B., Stevens, V., & Van Tiggelen, D. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors of neck pain in host office workers. Military Medicine, 173(5), 4 74-479. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier.Hush, J. M., Michaleff, Z., Maher, C. G., & Refshauge, K. (2009). Individual, physical and psychological risk factors for neck pain in Australian office workers a 1-year longitudinal study. European Spine Journal, 18(10), 1532-1540. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier.Irnich, D., Behrens, N., Gleditsch, J. M., Str, W., Schreiber, M. A., Schps, P., & Beyer, A. (2002). Immediate effects of dry needling and acupuncture at distant points in chronic neck pain results of a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled hybridizing trial. Pain (03043959), 99(1/2), 83. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier.Ji-Eun, P., Myeong Soo, L., Jun-Yong, C., Bo-Young, K., & Sun-Mi, C. (2010). Adverse Events Associated with Acupuncture A Prospective Survey. Journal Of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 16(9), 959-963. Retrieved by Academic Search Premier.National pore for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2012). Acupuncture an introduction. Ret rieved from http//nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/introduction.htmNational Institutes of Health. (2013). neck pain. Retreived from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003025.htmRobertshawe, P. (2008). acupuncture and physiotherapy for neck tension. Journal Of The Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, 14(3), 187. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier.Sun, M., Hsieh, C., Cheng, Y., Hung, H., Li, T., Yen, S., & Huang, I. (2010). The remediation effects of acupuncture on patients or individuals with chronic neck myofascial pain syndrome a single-blind randomized controlled trial. American Journal Of Chinese Medicine, 38(5), 849-859. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier.Vas, J., Perea-Milla, E., Mndez, C., Navarro, C., Len Rubio, J., Brioso, M., & Obrero, I. (2006). Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for chronic uncomplicated neck pain A randomised controlled study. Pain (03043959), 126(1-3), 245-255. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier.White, A. (2001). Adverse eve nts following acupuncture prospective survey of 32,000 consultations with doctors and physiotherapists. 10(1), 3-14 Retrieved from BMJ Research ArticlesWillich, S. N., Reinhold, T., Selim, D., Jena, S., Brinkhaus, B., & Witt, C. M. (2006). Cost-effectiveness of acupuncture treatment in patients or individuals with chronic neck pain.Pain (03043959), 125(1/2), 107-113. Retrieved from Academic Search PremierWitt, C. M., Jena, S., Brinkhaus, B., Liecker, B., Wegscheider, K., & Willich, S. N. (2006). Acupuncture for patients or individuals with chronic neck pain. Pain (03043959), 125(1/2), 98-106. Retrived from Academic Search Premier.Source document

Health Care in India

Health c be is the treatment and prevention of illness. Health charge is delivered by professionals in medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy and onlyied health. The spoken language of modern health care depends on an expanding group of trained professionals coming together as an interdisciplinary team. The health care industry incorporates several sectors that are dedicated to providing services and products dedicated to improving the health of individuals.According to industry and market classifications, such as the Global Industry categorisation Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark, the health care industry includes health care equipment and services as well as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life sciences. The particular sectors associated with these groups are biotechnology, diagnostic substances, do drugs delivery, drug manufacturers, hospitals, medical equipment and instruments, diagnostic laboratories, nursing homes, providers of health care plans and ho me health care.The rate of growth of the health care industry in India is touching ahead neck to neck with the pharmaceutical industry and the software industry of the country. Much has been said and done in the health care sector for obstetrical delivery about improvement. Till date, approximately 12% of the scope offered by the health care industry in India has been tapped. The health care industry in India is reckoned to be the engine of the economy in the years to come.Health care industry in India is worth $17 billion and is anticipated to grow by 13% all(prenominal) year. The health care sector encompasses health care instruments, health care in the retail market, hospitals enrolled to the hospital networks etc. India in case of health care facilities nevertheless lakes the adequate supply. In health care sector also there is huge gap between demand and supply at all the levels of society. Still there are so many urban areas were you could hardly find any multi specialty hospital.And in case of metros the market sentiments itself created a urgency of psychological consultation. Healthcare, which is a US$ 35 billion industry in India, is expected to reach over US$ 75 billion by 2012 and US$ 150 billion by 2017. The healthcare industry is interestingly poised as it strives to emerge as a global hub due to the distinct advantages it enjoys in clinical excellence and low costs. In todays highly competitive environment, hospitals are increasingly realizing the need to focus on ervice quality as a measure to improve their competitive position. Customer based determinants and perceptions of service quality, therefore, play an important role when choosing a hospital. Today the healthcare industry has emerged as one of the most challenging sectors as well as one of the largest service sector industries in India with estimated revenue of about US $ 30 billion constituting 5% of the GDP. India is one of the second most populous nations of our world with a pop ulation of over a billion.The Indian economy over the recent quondam(prenominal) has started looking up and has now decidedly been acknowledged as likely to contribute to the sustained economic growth. The Indian healthcare Industry though still nascent in size and dynamic compared to other countries has also benefited from this economic boom. The primary driving force for an enhanced demand for quality healthcare standards are the 300 million middle class populations. Their need of quality within acceptable costs is making corporate hospitals see reason in reduction tariffs with a view to attract volumes.

Organic Food Market Ghana Essay

Main internationalist trade partners South Africa, Netherlands, India, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Switzerland, United States, France, Nigeria, Burkina, China, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Germany and etc. Macro- scotch opportunities and risks The World Banks Ease of Doing contrast rankings placed gold coast at 63 place among 183 countries in 2012 (1 = best ranking), just behind Poland (62) and leading of the Czech Republic (64). gold coasts performance is defined as especially poor in obtaining construction permits and resolving insolvency. Nevertheless, Ghana is among the top five countries in sub- Saharan Africa.Economic risks in Ghana include a relatively in high spirits inflation station of 10. 4% estimated in 2013. Consistently high unemployment over the years is another negative factor keeping the country in poverty. About 28. 5% of the sum total population is living below the poverty line. Other urgent challenges in Ghana be the inadequacies in education and health care that limit social development in the country. It also mustiness address crime. Underdeveloped infrastructure, poor management of natural and human resources, and lack of a fully contributory and cordial business environment in the country also require public sector attention. fit in to the knowledge portal Global EDGE, Ghanas strategic goals focus on future economic branch, improving quality of life by boosting employment and decreasing poverty, increased private investment and overall social and rural development. With such plans, international companies can expect incentives for initiating business in Ghana. Low bodied taxes, low equity requirements, custom duty exemptions forplants, machinery, equipment and parts, and relief from double taxation are some of the incentives and guarantees that the presidency presently offers to encourage future alien investment.Coca-Cola Co. and Heinz do already been operating successfully in Ghana while companies like Caterpillar, Unilever, IBM , AT&T, to name a few, are undertaking new investments. Companies are further to establish themselves and operate in the countrys many potentially lucrative markets including hydro-power projects, pharmaceuticals and teaching technology. Subsequently, as African countries consider fully implementing the African Economic Community (AEC) established in 1991, Ghanas trading access to other African nations could increase significantly in the coming years.Ghana is a member of the World Trade Organization and has quota-free access to United States and European Union markets. The country has export free zones where goods can be traded without customs duties. The government is putting forth efforts to improve infrastructure to delay hassle-free movement of goods and produce. While Ghana faces difficulties, all these factors make Ghana a promising market for foreign businesses. Organic food market data General Market size n. a. Market growth rate n. a. Domestic production n. a.Expor ts (US$, 2006) $75. 64 million Imports n. a. Shares/sizes of market segments good fruits, vegetables, palm oil, burnt umber, bananas, cashews, culinary herbs, cereals, cotton, shea butter and etc. Number of producers, names of big producers, important brands Benrod Group (producer and exporter), Ibrahim Jalilu Adventure (producer of spices), Botim Farms (group of cashew farmers), Joansspiceworld (producer of spices), Mercydan (black soap, red palm oil, cocoa palm oil), Eagle Gold Company (gold, diamond), Best Organic Fodd Venture ( native food) and etc.Smallholder farms dominate the agricultural sector, score for about 80 percent of total production. (organic agriculture in general is well suited to humble farmers because usually small-scale farmers do not have much cash to purchase external inputs, chemical substance inputs, pesticides, or chemical fertilizers) Typical distribution channels The Ghana Organic Agriculture profits, Afrikeco Organic Products Ltd, Andea-African Network for Development of Ecological Agriculture, Armajaro Ghana Limited, Black Volta Organic Society, Ebenut, Ecasard-Ecumenical Ass.For Sustainable Agr. And Rur. , Eloc Farms Limited, Ghana Bio Network, Ghana Export forward motion Council, Ideal Providence Farms Accra, Integrated Tamale Fruit Company, Natures Best Fruit Ltd. , Quin Organics, Tracs Farms Ltd. , TOFA (Traditional Organic Farmers Association), Wad African Foods Ltd, Yayra Glover Limited Characteristics of the organic food market Supply Mainly from the domestic market Production Fresh fruits (mainly pineapple, bananas, watermelon), vegetables, palm oil, cocoa, cashews, culinary herbs, cereals, cotton, shea butter and etc.Distribution Just over 28% of the organic producers in Ghana export their production and the remaining 72% do not export their production, but perhaps sell it domestically. With regards to exports, virtually all organic products (85%) are exported to Europe. The data is taken from a survey16 made in 2009 among 688 producers, marketers and consumers. Consumption Worldwide sales of organic chocolate produced in Ghana increased to $304 million in 2005 from $171 million in 2002. However, the total market share of organic cocoa accounted for less than 0.5% of total cocoa production in the same period, possibly because conventional cocoa yields more and is more productive than organic cocoa. When a conventional producer converts to organic production, there is an immediate yield loss. Organic cocoa production has an estimated 30% lower yield than inorganic production. Additionally, a producer must wait deuce-ace years for the organic assay-mark that will allow him or her to be compensated with an organic value premium. on that pointfore a sufficient and stable organic legal injury premium is needed.The current premium price of organic cocoa is far below the estimated premium needed to entice producers to switch to organic production. cultivation on yield loss and price prem ium trade-off is very important to cocoa producers to specialize whether organic production is sufficiently profitable to be adopted. For manufacturers, the information indicates the price premium necessary to limit a reliable supply of organic cocoa. Opportunities and risks in the organic food market for DEGs clients There are not many opportunities for import of organic food, because the organic market in Ghana is motionless relatively undeveloped.However, there are opportunities for export of organic agriculture, because about 19,132 hectares of land are under organic cultivation, which accounts for 0. 13 % of the total agricultural area in Ghana (IFOAM & FiBL 2006). The risks are definitely big. Additional information Ghana has had little exposure to the global economic recession and will continue on its growth path. It is experiencing significant growth in 2011 and 2012 due to the start of oil production. Macroeconomic stability and ongoing reforms have contributed to econom ic expansion, which is helping the country to raise incomes and reduce poverty.There has been limited exposure to the global fiscal crisis, as banks rely on domestic funding.Case examples n. a. 1 . http//www. gold coastembassy. org/index. php? page=population 2 . http//www. tradingeconomics. com/gold coast/gdp 3 . http//www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/gdp-growth 4 . http//www. indexmundi. com/ghana/gdp_per_capita_%28ppp%29. html 5 . http//www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/inflation-cpi 6 . http//www. tradingeconomics. com/ghana/unemployment-rate 7 . http//www. indexmundi.com/ghana/gdp_composition_by_sector. html 8 .http//ageconsearch. umn. edu/bitstream/95955/2/54. %20Market%20potential%20for%20organic%20fruit%20in%20Ghana. pdf 9 . http//countries. bridgat. com/Ghana_Trade_Partners. html. UXRcpMo-mE0 10 . http//www. globalatlanta. com/article/25667/ghana-overview-of-economic-risks-rewards/ 11 . http//ageconsearch. umn. edu/bitstream/95955/2/54. %20Market%20potential%20for %20organic%20fruit%20in%20Ghana. pdf 12 . http//www. intracen. org/exporters/organic-products/country-focus/Country-Profile-Ghana/ 13 .http//gh. tradeford. com/suppliers/organic-spices 14 . http//www. organic-bio. com/en/advanced-search2/? prgrp1=0&prgrp2=0&prgrp3=0&prgrp4=&name=&certification=0&city=&prodgrp1=0&country=63&prodgrp2=0ion=0&prodgrp3=0&phone=& stir=&service=0&fair=0 15 . http//www. intracen. org/exporters/organic-products/country-focus/Country-Profile- Ghana/ 16 . http//www. ifoam. org/about_ifoam/around_world/aosc_pages/pdf/Status-of-Organic-Agriculture-in-Ghana-Baseline-Survey-2009. pdf 17 . http//www3. ambest. com/ratings/cr/reports/Ghana. pdf.